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OPHTHALMOLOGY > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What bones are involved in the orbit of the eye?

A 
Orbital plate of frontal bone
Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
Lacrimal 
Maxilla
Zygoma
Sphenoid
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2
Q

What protects the eye from trauma?

A

orbital margins / orbital rim

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3
Q

What parts of the orbit are thinnest and affected by orbital blowout fractures?

A

Medial wall and orbital floor

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

Orbital part

Palpebral part

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5
Q

What is the function of levator palpebrae superioris?

A

retracting the upper eyelid

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6
Q

What does the conjunctiva cover in the eye?

A

Lower eyelid and upper eyelid

Also covers sclera and cornea

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7
Q

What part of the eye does the cornea cover?

A

iris and pupil

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8
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

defensive barrier to foreign bodies penetrating deep to it into the orbit

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9
Q

What apparatus is used in the production of tears?

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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10
Q

Explain how tears are produced and collected in the eye

A

Lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid (tears)

Pushed over eye towards medial angle by eyelashes

Drains through lacrimal puncta

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11
Q

What are the 2 parts which make up the fibrous outer layer of the eye?

A

sclera

cornea

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12
Q

What is the name of the vascular layer in the eye?

A

UVEA

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13
Q

What are the 3 components of the uvea (vascular layer in the eye)?

A

3 part:

  • iris
  • ciliary body
  • choroid
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14
Q

What is the main function of the choroid in the vascular layer?

A

nutrition and gas exchange

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15
Q

What type of fluid is found in the anterior segment?

A

Aqueous humour

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16
Q

What type of fluid is found in the posterior segment?

A

Vitreous Humour

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17
Q

Where are the anterior or posterior segments found?

A

Anterior segment = in front of lens

Posterior segment = behind lens

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18
Q

What is the main artery which supplies the eye?

A

Ophthalmic artery

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19
Q

The ophthalmic artery branches from the external carotid. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

Internal Carotid

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20
Q

What artery supplies the retina and where can it be found?

A

The central artery of the retina (end artery found within optic nerve)

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21
Q

What is the danger triangle?

A

Area of the face where infection can potentially track back up venous system to the eye

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22
Q

What is the area of most acute vision called and where is it located in the eye?

A

Fovea

found in the centre of the macula

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23
Q

Why is the optic disc thought of as the blind spot?

A

There are no photoreceptors in the disc

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24
Q

How many extraocular muscles do we have and what type of muscle fibre are they made up of?

A

7 skeletal muscles

4x Rectus, 2x Obliques, Levator Palpebrae Superioris

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25
Name the 4 rectus extraocular muscles?
superior rectus inferior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus
26
Where do the rectus muscles originate and insert?
origin = common tendinous ring insertion = sclera
27
What are the two oblique extraocular muscles?
superior oblique | inferior oblique
28
What cranial nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle?
Lateral Rectus ABDUCTS eye | => CN VI ABDUCENS
29
What cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle?
Superior oblique passes through TROCHLEAR pullley before inserting onto sclera => CN IV TROCHLEAR
30
What cranial nerve supplies the rest of the extraocular muscles?
CN III | Oculomotor
31
What parts of the face have sensory innervation from CN V1?
upper eyelid cornea conjunctiva skin of middle of nose
32
Where does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve give sensory innervation?
skin of the lower eyelid skin over the maxilla skin over nostrils skin/mucosa of the upper lip
33
The skin over the mandible and temporomandibular joint are innervated by what cranial nerve?
CN V3 | Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
34
What are the 3 main parts of every reflex?
Sensory Central CNS Connections Motor
35
Explain the pathway of the Blink (Corneal) Reflex?
Sensory: - from cornea via CN V1 branches - To trigeminal ganglion - Along CN V to pons Central CNS connections between CN V and CN VII (facial nerve) Motor: - CN VII - To eyelid part of orbicularis oculi - Makes eyelid close (=> Blink)
36
Where do pre-synaptic sympathetic fibres exit the spinal cord to travel to the eye?
T1 level | then travel up sympathetic chain
37
Where do sympathetic signals synapse on their course to the eye?
Superior cervical ganglion
38
What arteries are responsible for transporting post-synaptic sympathetic fibres to the eye?
Surface of the internal & external carotid arteries Ophthalmic artery carries sympathetic axons into the orbit
39
What cranial nerves are involved in parasympathetic outflow?
CN III Oculomotor CN VII Facial CN IX Hypoglossal CN X Vagus
40
What are the two ganglions in which parasympathetic signals synapse on route to the eye ?
Ciliary Ganglion | Pterygopalatine Ganglion
41
What extraocular muscles are innervated by CN III?
Superior, Medial and Inferior Rectus inferior oblique Levator palpebrae superioris
42
CN III supplies the extraocular muscles in a superior and inferior division. Which division supplies which muscle?
Superior division: Superior Rectus and Levator Palpebrae Superioris Inferior division: Medial Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique
43
Long ciliary nerve contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. TRUE/FALSE?
FALSE Only has sympathetic and somatic sensory Short ciliary nerve contains both
44
What do sympathetic signals cause the eye to do?
open eyes wider get more light into eyes focus on far objects emotion
45
What are the parasympathetic effects on the eye?
allow orbicularis oculi to work (closes eye) get less light into eyes (protect retina from bright light or when asleep) focus on near objects reflex lacrimation
46
Leavtor palpebrae superioris is made up of skeletal muscle. TRUE/FALSE?
FALSE | Contains both skeletal and smooth muscle
47
What is the name given to drugs which will dilate the pupil?
mydriatic drugs
48
Where do the dilator pupillae fibres originate and insert in order to dilate the pupil?
``` origin = external circumference of iris – fixed insertion = internal circumference of iris - mobile ```
49
What muscle is in charge of constricting the pupil?
sphincter pupillae fibres encircle pupil
50
What does a pin point pupil indicate?
Opiate drug use
51
What does a fixed dilated pupil indicate?
CN III pathology
52
Describe the pupillary lihttps://www.brainscape.com/packsght reflex?
Sensory ipsilateral CN II CNS connections in midbrain motor bilateral response via CNs III (therefore both eyes respond to light being shone in one eye)
53
The pupillary light reflex is named differently depending on which eye the light is shone into. Describe the two types of this reflex?
direct light reflex occurs in the stimulated eye consensual light reflex occurs in the non-stimulated eye
54
What structures are responsible for controlling the lens?
ciliary body | suspensory ligament of lens
55
How is the shape of the lens controlled by the ciliary body to use "far vision"?
Ciliary muscle relaxes in far vision => Ligament tightens and flattens lens **NO parasympathetics involved**
56
What shape is the lens when "near vision" is being used?
Spherical as ligaments are relaxed due to muscle contraction | This is controlled by parasympathetics
57
What are the 3 parts of the accommodation reflex?
Reflex = Bringing objects from far to near bilateral pupil constriction (CN III) bilateral convergence - medial rotation of both eyes bilateral relaxation of the lens
58
What are the 3 types of tears which can be produced?
basal tears (clean/nourish and hydrate) reflex tears (response to mechanical or chemical stimulation) emotional tears happy, sad or frightened tears
59
What can cause raised intracranial pressure?
``` Head injury space occupying lesion/tumour/abscess haemorrhage hydrocephalus meningitis ```
60
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
61
How does hydrocephalus appear clinically?
Head almost transparent vessels visible Sunset sign (white of eyes visible above iris)
62
The endosteal and meningeal layers make up what structure in the brain?
The dura mater
63
What lies between the arachnoid and pia mater and what is found here?
Sub arachnoid space | CSF found here
64
The pia mater is in close contact with the brain. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE | single cell layer that lies in sulci => direct contact
65
Veins which arise between the two layers of dura mater are knwon as what?
Dural venous sinuses | not veins as they have no vessel wall, they are contained by the two layers of dura mater
66
The meninges form a double layer at the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres. What is this called?
Falx Cerebrae
67
What is the horizontal layer of meninges in the brain called?
Tentorium Cerebelli
68
The brainstem passes through the tentorium notch. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
69
How does CSF flow between the lateral and third ventricles?
Intra-ventricular foramen
70
What connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aquaduct
71
After leaving the fourth ventricle, what are the possible pathways for the CSF?
Either: Central canal of the spinal cord OR through the lateral/median apertures (After the apertures CSF flows to: - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - superior sagittal sinus - drains into venous system
72
What eye symptoms usually present with raised Intracranial pressure?
``` transient blurred vision double vision (diplopia) loss of vision papilloedema (swelling of optic disc) pupillary changes ```
73
What veins are at risk if a patient suffers a head injury?
cerebral veins
74
Why are the optic nerves thought to be a extension of the brain rather than a true cranial nerve?
They are covered by the 3 layers of meninges
75
Where does the subarachnoid space extend to in the eye?
The back of the eyeball
76
A swollen optic disc can compromise what other structures?
Compress central artery and vein of the retina
77
If raised intracranial pressure is present behind the eye, what symptoms can patients experience?
transient visual obscurations/ flickering blurring of vision constriction of the visual field decreased colour perception
78
Where does the eye move to if there is a CN III palsy?
Down and out | Due to Superior Oblique and Lacteral Rectus still working
79
Where does the eye move to if there is a problem with the trochlear nerve?
Moves up when asked to look medially Due to non-functioning superior oblique => inferior oblique is unopposed
80
Loss of function in the abducens nerve causes the eye to sit where?
Medially | as lacteral rectus cant abduct the eye
81
How is papilloedema graded?
``` Grade 1 - C shaped Halo and blurred vision Grade 2 - closed halo Grade 3 - Peripheral vessels disappear Grade 4 - Central vessels disappear Grade 5 - All vessels disappear ```

OPHTHALMOLOGY (12 decks)

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