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Block 2 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the openings that form the entrance to the nasopharynx called?

A

Nasal choanae

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2
Q

What separates the nasal cavity and oral cavity?

A

Hard palate

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3
Q

Below the nasopharynx, there is the…..?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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4
Q

What are the names of the bony shelves inside the nasal cavity?

A

Superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha

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5
Q

What are the spaces under each concha called?

A

Superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus

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6
Q

What do the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses do to sound?

A

Amplify sound and resonate voice

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7
Q

What do the conchae do?

A

Warm, humidify and filter incoming ar. Create turbulent flow to trap particles

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8
Q

What are the 3 mucosa lined regions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Nasal vestibule region
  2. Olfactory region
  3. Respiratory region
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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium. Has goblet cells to produce mucus.

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10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule region?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (abrasion resistance)

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11
Q

Multiple vessels anastomose on the anterior nasal septum, but what is this region called?

A

Little areas or Kiesselbach plexus

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12
Q

Which two cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal (V) and olfactory (I)

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13
Q

Where does pain from CN Va refer to?

A

Opthalmic division so frontal head

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14
Q

Where does pain from CN Vb refer to?

A

Maxillary division so maxillary teeth

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15
Q

What is the medical name for tearing?

A

Epiphora

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16
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

A

Inferior meatus

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17
Q

What might cause blockage of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Polyp
Facial trauma
Tumour
Congenital

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18
Q

What are the names of the four paranasal air sinuses?

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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19
Q

Which is the odd sinus out in terms of drainage?

A

Maxillary (drain against gravity)

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20
Q

Into where does the spenoid sinus drain?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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21
Q

To what is the sphenoid sinus closely related to?

A

Pituitary gland

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22
Q

What is the thin plate of bone which separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus?

A

Lamina papyracea

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23
Q

Where, specifically, do the maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses drain to?

A

Hiatus semilunaris which is in the middle meatus

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24
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the maxillary sinus?

A

CN Vb (maxillary division)

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25
Q

What is the sensory innervation of all sinuses except maxillary?

A

CN Va (opthalmic division)

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26
Q

Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the external ear?

A 
C2, C3
CN Vc (Trigeminal; mandibular)
CN VII (Facial)
CN X (Vagus)
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27
Q

Name 5 places referred pain to the ear can be from

A 
Cardiac (CN X)
Temporomandibular joint (CN Vc)
Mandible and mandibular teeth (CN Vc)
Larynx (CN X)
Laryngopharynx (CN X)
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28
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the external acoustic meatus?

A

CN Vc

CN X

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29
Q

What is inflammation of the external acoustic meatus called?

A

Otitis externa

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30
Q

In which direction should you pull the pinna to examine the ear in an adult?

A

Posteriorly and superiorly

31
Q

In which direction should you pull the pinna to examine the ear in a child?

A

Posterior (and inferiorly)

32
Q

In which direction does the cone of light normally point on examination?

A

Anterior and inferior

33
Q

How many layers does the tympanic membrane have?

A

3

34
Q

What are the layers of the tympanic membrane?

A

Skin, mesoderm, respiratory mucosa

35
Q

Where would pain on the inside of the tympanic membrane refer to?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - would refer from/to pharynx

36
Q

What cranial nerve carries sensory from all portions of the pharynx, middle ear, auditory tube and inner side of tympanic membrane?

A

CN IX; glossopharyngeal

37
Q

What are the names of the 3 ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

38
Q

What type of joint is between the ossicles?

A

Mobile synovial joints (can dislocate and be subject to disease)

39
Q

What are the names of the 2 muscles in the middle ear which control the oscillatory range of the ossicles?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

40
Q

Where does tensor tympani insert and what is its role?

A

Inserts into neck of malleus

Pulls tympanic membrane medially and thus reduces force/amplitude of vibrations

41
Q

What is the nerve supply to tensor tympani?

A

CN Vc (Trigeminal; mandibular)

42
Q

What does stapedius do?

A

Pulls stapes and limits its range of movement in response to large vibrations (loud noises)

43
Q

What is the nerve supply to stapedius?

A

CN VII (Facial)

44
Q

Why can tympanic membrane rupture result in loss of taste?

A

Rupture can damage the chorda tympani, resulting in loss of taste on the anterior 2/3 of the ipsilateral tongue

45
Q

What is it called if a middle ear infection spreads to the mastoid air cells?

A

Mastoiditis

46
Q

What could happen if a middle ear infection affects the facial nerve?

A

Ipsilateral facial palsy

47
Q

What is chronic secretory otits media?

A

Also known as glue ear; persistent build up of mucoid fluid due to blockage of pharyngotympanic tube.

48
Q

What does chronic secretory otitis media cause?

A

Conductive hearing loss

Speech and language development problems in young

49
Q

What is acute infective otitis media?

A

Pus accumualtes in middle ear (pain and swelling of tympanic membrane)
Often results from spread of infection from nasopharyx to middle ear

50
Q

What frequency of tuning fork is used in hearing tests?

A

256 Hz

51
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
52
Q

What does tensor veli palatini do?

A

Stretches the soft palate

53
Q

What does levetor veli palatini do?

A

Lifts the soft palate

54
Q

What does elevation of the soft palate do during swallowing?

A

Separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

55
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

Nasal choanae to body of C1

Lower border of soft palate

56
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Upper border of soft palate

Lower border of epiglottis

57
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

Base of tongue/upper epiglottis

Down to cricopharyngeus muscle

58
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the nasopharynx?

A

CN IX

CN Vb

59
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the oropharynx?

A

CN IX

60
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the laryngopharynx?

A

CN IX

CN X

61
Q

What are the names of the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Also cricopharyngeus muscle

62
Q

What does contraction of the constrictor muscles do?

A

Reduce the diameter of the pharynx to squeeze food down by peristalsis.

63
Q

What is the motor supply to the constrictor muscles?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

64
Q

What might paralysis of the CN X lead to in the pharynx?

A

Dysphasia - difficulty swallowing

Gag reflex may be compromised and there may be an increased risk of aspiration as a result

65
Q

Which ligament comes off the styloid process?

A

Stylohyoid ligament (from styloid process to hyoid bone)

66
Q

Why is there a gap in muscle fibre support in the pharynx and what does this mean?

A

Change in directionality of muscle fibres; may allow for herniation through weak spot
Spot is between inferior constrictor and cricopharyngeus muscle

67
Q

What might a pharyngeal diverticulum lead to?

A

Halitosis (bad breath) as food stuck in diverticulum. Herniated pharyngeal lining.

68
Q

What are the piriform fossae?

A

Recesses between the central larynx and the lateral thyroid cartilage.
Mucosal lined pouch - permits passage of liquids during swallowing, but foreign bodies can get stuck in here.

69
Q

All pharyngeal muscles are innervated by CN X except……………….?

A

Stylopharyngeus

Tensor veli palatini

70
Q

What is the innervation of tensor veli palatini?

A

CN Vc

71
Q

What is the innervation of stylopharyngeus?

A

CN IX

72
Q

What do palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles do?

A

When they contract, they elevate the pharynx helping to cover the bolus of food.

73
Q

Describe the results of touching the pharynx to elicit a gag reflex for both X and IX lesions

A

Motor loss: Patient has sensation but unilateral/no contraction = CN X lesion
Sensory loss: Patient has no gag reflex when touching side with sensory loss, full gag when touching innervated side = CN IX lesion

Block 2 (3 decks)

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