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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the openings that form the entrance to the nasopharynx called?

A

Nasal choanae

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2
Q

What separates the nasal cavity and oral cavity?

A

Hard palate

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3
Q

Below the nasopharynx, there is the…..?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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4
Q

What are the names of the bony shelves inside the nasal cavity?

A

Superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha

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5
Q

What are the spaces under each concha called?

A

Superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus

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6
Q

What do the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses do to sound?

A

Amplify sound and resonate voice

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7
Q

What do the conchae do?

A

Warm, humidify and filter incoming ar. Create turbulent flow to trap particles

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8
Q

What are the 3 mucosa lined regions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Nasal vestibule region
  2. Olfactory region
  3. Respiratory region
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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium. Has goblet cells to produce mucus.

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10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule region?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (abrasion resistance)

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11
Q

Multiple vessels anastomose on the anterior nasal septum, but what is this region called?

A

Little areas or Kiesselbach plexus

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12
Q

Which two cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal (V) and olfactory (I)

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13
Q

Where does pain from CN Va refer to?

A

Opthalmic division so frontal head

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14
Q

Where does pain from CN Vb refer to?

A

Maxillary division so maxillary teeth

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15
Q

What is the medical name for tearing?

A

Epiphora

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16
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

A

Inferior meatus

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17
Q

What might cause blockage of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Polyp
Facial trauma
Tumour
Congenital

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18
Q

What are the names of the four paranasal air sinuses?

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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19
Q

Which is the odd sinus out in terms of drainage?

A

Maxillary (drain against gravity)

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20
Q

Into where does the spenoid sinus drain?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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21
Q

To what is the sphenoid sinus closely related to?

A

Pituitary gland

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22
Q

What is the thin plate of bone which separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus?

A

Lamina papyracea

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23
Q

Where, specifically, do the maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses drain to?

A

Hiatus semilunaris which is in the middle meatus

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24
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the maxillary sinus?

A

CN Vb (maxillary division)

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25
What is the sensory innervation of all sinuses except maxillary?
CN Va (opthalmic division)
26
Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the external ear?
``` C2, C3 CN Vc (Trigeminal; mandibular) CN VII (Facial) CN X (Vagus) ```
27
Name 5 places referred pain to the ear can be from
``` Cardiac (CN X) Temporomandibular joint (CN Vc) Mandible and mandibular teeth (CN Vc) Larynx (CN X) Laryngopharynx (CN X) ```
28
What is the sensory innervation to the external acoustic meatus?
CN Vc | CN X
29
What is inflammation of the external acoustic meatus called?
Otitis externa
30
In which direction should you pull the pinna to examine the ear in an adult?
Posteriorly and superiorly
31
In which direction should you pull the pinna to examine the ear in a child?
Posterior (and inferiorly)
32
In which direction does the cone of light normally point on examination?
Anterior and inferior
33
How many layers does the tympanic membrane have?
3
34
What are the layers of the tympanic membrane?
Skin, mesoderm, respiratory mucosa
35
Where would pain on the inside of the tympanic membrane refer to?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - would refer from/to pharynx
36
What cranial nerve carries sensory from all portions of the pharynx, middle ear, auditory tube and inner side of tympanic membrane?
CN IX; glossopharyngeal
37
What are the names of the 3 ossicles?
Malleus Incus Stapes
38
What type of joint is between the ossicles?
Mobile synovial joints (can dislocate and be subject to disease)
39
What are the names of the 2 muscles in the middle ear which control the oscillatory range of the ossicles?
Tensor tympani | Stapedius
40
Where does tensor tympani insert and what is its role?
Inserts into neck of malleus | Pulls tympanic membrane medially and thus reduces force/amplitude of vibrations
41
What is the nerve supply to tensor tympani?
CN Vc (Trigeminal; mandibular)
42
What does stapedius do?
Pulls stapes and limits its range of movement in response to large vibrations (loud noises)
43
What is the nerve supply to stapedius?
CN VII (Facial)
44
Why can tympanic membrane rupture result in loss of taste?
Rupture can damage the chorda tympani, resulting in loss of taste on the anterior 2/3 of the ipsilateral tongue
45
What is it called if a middle ear infection spreads to the mastoid air cells?
Mastoiditis
46
What could happen if a middle ear infection affects the facial nerve?
Ipsilateral facial palsy
47
What is chronic secretory otits media?
Also known as glue ear; persistent build up of mucoid fluid due to blockage of pharyngotympanic tube.
48
What does chronic secretory otitis media cause?
Conductive hearing loss | Speech and language development problems in young
49
What is acute infective otitis media?
Pus accumualtes in middle ear (pain and swelling of tympanic membrane) Often results from spread of infection from nasopharyx to middle ear
50
What frequency of tuning fork is used in hearing tests?
256 Hz
51
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
52
What does tensor veli palatini do?
Stretches the soft palate
53
What does levetor veli palatini do?
Lifts the soft palate
54
What does elevation of the soft palate do during swallowing?
Separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx
55
What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?
Nasal choanae to body of C1 | Lower border of soft palate
56
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
Upper border of soft palate | Lower border of epiglottis
57
What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?
Base of tongue/upper epiglottis | Down to cricopharyngeus muscle
58
What is the sensory innervation of the nasopharynx?
CN IX | CN Vb
59
What is the sensory innervation of the oropharynx?
CN IX
60
What is the sensory innervation of the laryngopharynx?
CN IX | CN X
61
What are the names of the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
Superior constrictor Middle constrictor Inferior constrictor Also cricopharyngeus muscle
62
What does contraction of the constrictor muscles do?
Reduce the diameter of the pharynx to squeeze food down by peristalsis.
63
What is the motor supply to the constrictor muscles?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
64
What might paralysis of the CN X lead to in the pharynx?
Dysphasia - difficulty swallowing | Gag reflex may be compromised and there may be an increased risk of aspiration as a result
65
Which ligament comes off the styloid process?
Stylohyoid ligament (from styloid process to hyoid bone)
66
Why is there a gap in muscle fibre support in the pharynx and what does this mean?
Change in directionality of muscle fibres; may allow for herniation through weak spot Spot is between inferior constrictor and cricopharyngeus muscle
67
What might a pharyngeal diverticulum lead to?
Halitosis (bad breath) as food stuck in diverticulum. Herniated pharyngeal lining.
68
What are the piriform fossae?
Recesses between the central larynx and the lateral thyroid cartilage. Mucosal lined pouch - permits passage of liquids during swallowing, but foreign bodies can get stuck in here.
69
All pharyngeal muscles are innervated by CN X except...................?
Stylopharyngeus | Tensor veli palatini
70
What is the innervation of tensor veli palatini?
CN Vc
71
What is the innervation of stylopharyngeus?
CN IX
72
What do palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles do?
When they contract, they elevate the pharynx helping to cover the bolus of food.
73
Describe the results of touching the pharynx to elicit a gag reflex for both X and IX lesions
Motor loss: Patient has sensation but unilateral/no contraction = CN X lesion Sensory loss: Patient has no gag reflex when touching side with sensory loss, full gag when touching innervated side = CN IX lesion

Block 2 (3 decks)

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