Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What membrane covers the bone and what is it function?
A
Periosteum
Helps nourish bines and provides an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
2
Q
What membrane covers cartilage and what is its function
A
Perichondrium
Growth and repair of cartilage
3
Q
How many cervical vertebrae
A
7
4
Q
How many thoracic vertebra
A
12
5
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae
A
5
6
Q
How many sacral vertebrae
A
5
7
Q
How many coccygeal vertebrae
A
4 (fused)
8
Q
An X ray is good for imaging
A
Bones
9
Q
Barium swallow is good for imaging
A
Soft tissue and bone
10
Q
CT scan is good for imaging
A
Organs and tissue
11
Q
Ultrasound is good for imaging
A
Soft tissue
12
Q
In MRI bone is always____
A
grey
13
Q
Axial
A
Skull, ribcage and vertebral column
14
Q
Appendicular
A
Shoulder, arm, hand, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
15
Q
Condyle
A
smooth end of a bone, covered with cartilage that articulates with the condyle of another bone
16
Q
Epicondyle
A
Protruding area above or below the condyle for attachments of ligaments
17
Q
Fossa
A
A shallow depression
18
Q
Sulcus
A
A narrow groove
19
Q
Tuberosity
A
A rough projection
20
Q
Tubercle
A
Small round projection
21
Q
Appendicular muscles are supplied by
A
Nerve plexus
22
Q
Axial muscles are supplied
A
segmentally
23
Q
Hilton’s law
A
The nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a joint also innervates the joint
24
Q
Histology of Skeletal Muscle (4)
A
Long slender
Multinucleate
Cross striations
Peripherally placed nuclei
25
Histology of Smooth Muscle (3)
No cross striations
Mononucleate
Centrally situated nuclei
26
Histology of Cardiac Muscle (4)
Cross striated
Single central nucleus
Cells are branched
Intercalated sics contain gap junctions
27
Function of Gap Junctions
allow the muscle cells to contract in synchrony
28
Ligaments
Bone to bone
29
Tendons
Muscle to bone
30
Ventral Ramus
Innervate limbs anteriorly
31
Brachial plexus innervates
Upper limbs
32
Lumbrosacral plexus innervates
Lower limbs
33
Dorsal root
Sensory
34
Ventral root
Motor
35
Spinal Nerve
Mixed (motor and sensory)
36
Dorsal Rami=
Mixed to back (erector spinae)
37
Ventral Rami=
Mixed to all anterior regions of the body
38
T2 dermatome
Sternomanubrial joint
39
T4 dermatome
Nipples
40
T10 dermatome
Skin over naval
41
L1 dermatome
Skin over groin region
42
Primary Cartilage Joint
Hyaline cartilage
43
Examples of primary cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plate
| Joint between sterum and first rib
44
Secondary Cartilage Joint
Involves hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
45
Examples of secondary cartilage
Symphysis Pubis
| IV disc
46
Osteogenic cells of periosteum
Osteoblasts
47
Bone length growth (Interstitial)
Epiphyseal Growth Plate
48
Bone Diameter Growth (Apositional)
Periosteum
49
Aponeurosis
Flat fibrous tissue that allows muscle to muscle attachment and muscle to bone attachment
50
Biceps Brachii
Crosses 2 joints (elbow and shoulder)
| Flexes arm and forearm
51
Triceps Brachii
Crosses 2 joints (elbow and shoulder)
| Extensor of forearm
52
Brachioradialis
Crosses 1 joint elbow
Anterior muscle
Flexion of elbow joint
53
Brachialis
Crosses 1 joint
Elbow
Acts on radio-ulnar
Flexion in all positions
54
Anterior muscles
Flexor
55
Posterior muscles
Extensor
56
Features of Hyaline Cartilage
Chnodrocyte, matrix, lacunae
57
Features of spongy bone
Trabecular bone
| Adipose tissue
58
Features of Compact bone
```
Haversion/Osteon System
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Lamellae
Haversian Canal
Volkmann's Canal
Cannuculi
```
59
Deltoid, pectoralis major are what type of muscles
Appendicular
60
Oblique, rectus abdomninis and intercostal are what type of muscles
Axial
61
Rotator cuff muscles
Anterior= subscalpulatis
Posterior = Infraspinatous
Teres minor
Supraspinous muscle
62
Tendon connects
Bone to muscle
63
Brachial plexus innervate____ and orginate
Upper limbs and C5-T1
64
Lumbosacral plexus innervate_____ and orginate
Lowe limbs and L1-S4
65
Insertion is____
Superior
66
Origin
Inferior
67
Mastoid
Superior (insertion)
68
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle that inserts and mastoid and originates at clavicle and manibrum of sternum
69
Clavicle and Manibrum of sternum
Origin
70
Intermuscular septum
Separates compartments of posterior and anterior muscles
71
Epineurium
Surrounds whole nerve structure
72
Perineurium
Surround bundles of nerves
73
Endoneurium
Surrounds individual nerves
74
Epimysium
Surrounds whole muscle structure
75
Perimysium
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibres
76
Endomysium
Surrounds individual muscle fibres
77
C1
Atlas
78
C2
Axis
79
C7
Vertebra Prominens
80
Joint between C1 and C2
Pivot synovial
81
Movement between C1 and C2
rotation
82
Cervical Vertebrae spinous process
Ends in a double point
83
Cervical Pedicle
Short
84
Cervical Vertebral foramen
Large and triangular
85
Cervical Lower articular facet face____
downward and forward
86
Cervical Upper articular facet
upwards and inwards
87
What connects the articular facets in Cervical vertebrae
Articular Pillar
88
Transverse Foramen in Cervical vertebrae
Forman Transversarium
89
What passes through Foramen Transversarium
Vertebral artery
90
Movement in cervical vertebrae
Forward flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
91
What plane is the cervical vertebrae in
Horizontal plane
92
Rib articulation of thoracic vertebrae
Costal Facet
93
Types of costal facet
Transverse
Superior
Inferior
94
Joint between thoracic facets
Synovial planar joinr
95
How many ribs are there
12 pairs
96
Thoracic Articular process
Superior- straight backward
| Inferior - Forward
97
Thoracic Spinous process faces
Downwards
98
Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
Faces sideways
99
Inferior vertebral notch form
intervertebra foramen
100
Costovertebral ligament
joint between costal facets
101
Movement of thoracic vertebrae
forward flexion (little) , lateral flexion and rotation
102
Thoracic vertebrae plane
Coronal
103
Lumbar vertebrae transverse process
small
104
Lumbar vertebrae spinous process
point straight backwards
105
Lumbar upper articular process
Face inwards
106
Lumbar lower articular process
face outwards
107
Lumbar articular process allows what type of movement
flexion, extension, lateral flexion
108
Lumbar vertebrae plane
Saggital
109
Intervertebral Disc
Anulus fibrosus
| Nucleus pulposus
110
Lateral view of vertebrae
```
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligaments
Intervertebral forman
Ligamentum Flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
```
111
Purpose of longitudinal ligaments
Limits extension and flexion of spine
112
Sacrum contains 2
articular processes for lumbar vertebrae
113
Most anterior part on sacrum
sacral promontony
114
Pelvic sacral foramen
S1-S4 (ventral Rami)
115
Dorsal sacral foramen
Dorsal Rami
116
Pelvis =
Articular surface of sacral and Hip bone
117
Muscle attachment in sacrum
Iliac crest
118
Erector spinae
Runs from sacrum to upper part of thorax
| Keep body upright
119
3 distinct muscles in erector spinae
Spinalis
Longissimus Thoracis
Iliocostalis Lumborum
120
Simultaneous contraction of anterior and posterior
Coughing
Vomiting
Childbirth
121
Meninges of spinal cord
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
122
Space between dura and vertebrae
Epidural space
123
Space between dura and arachnoid
Subdural space
124
Space between arachnoid and pia
Subarachnoid space
| Contains CSF
125
Sleeve of dura sac descends to
S3
126
In cervical region each spinal nerve takes its number from
the vertebrae below
127
In the other regions each spinal nerve takes its number from
the vertebrae above
128
Structure of spinal cord
```
Thoracic spinal nerves
Lumbar enlargment
Conus Medularis
Cauda Equina
Filum Terminale
```
129
Cauda Equina emerge from
Conus medularis
| L2-S5
130
Filum Terminale
Attaches to first segment of coccyx and anchors end of dural sac
131
Vertebral Prominems
C7
132
Spine of scalpula
T3
133
Inferior angle of scalpula
T7
134
Summit of iliac crest
L4
135
Spinal cord in adult ends in
L1/L2
136
Spinal cord in child ends in
L3
137
Thoracic duct is located
in between azygous vein and thoracic aorta
138
Thoracic duct commences at the Cisterna Chyli at
L1
139
Cervical enlargement
Brachial plexus
140
Lumbar enlargement
Lumbar-sacral plexus
141
Sympathetic fibres emerge from spinal cord between
T1-L2 (lateral horns)
142
Somatic nerves emerge from
C1-T10
143
Splanchnic nerve
Sympathetic trunk ganglion >> Splanchnic nerve >> Celiac ganglion = Visceral effector (intestine)
144
Where do the splanchnic nerves originate
T5/6-T12
145
Parasympathetic Nerves
Cranial(3,7,9,10) and S2-S4
146
Pelvic plexus is located
on each side of the rectum
147
Pelvic plexus consists of
mixed autonomic plexus
| distribute both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres
148
Name of Bone diameter growth and where it occurs
Apositional and Periosteum
149
Name of Bone length grow and where it occurs
Interstitial and epiphyseal plate
150
What drains the vertebrae and the spinal cord
Vertebral venous plexus
151
Where is the vertebral venous plexus found
In the epidural space
152
The veins in the vertebral venous plexus contain no____
valves
153
between which vertebral levels does the sympathetic chain extend
C1- end of coccyx
