Anatomy Flashcards
What membrane covers the bone and what is it function?
Periosteum
Helps nourish bines and provides an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
What membrane covers cartilage and what is its function
Perichondrium
Growth and repair of cartilage
How many cervical vertebrae
7
How many thoracic vertebra
12
How many lumbar vertebrae
5
How many sacral vertebrae
5
How many coccygeal vertebrae
4 (fused)
An X ray is good for imaging
Bones
Barium swallow is good for imaging
Soft tissue and bone
CT scan is good for imaging
Organs and tissue
Ultrasound is good for imaging
Soft tissue
In MRI bone is always____
grey
Axial
Skull, ribcage and vertebral column
Appendicular
Shoulder, arm, hand, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Condyle
smooth end of a bone, covered with cartilage that articulates with the condyle of another bone
Epicondyle
Protruding area above or below the condyle for attachments of ligaments
Fossa
A shallow depression
Sulcus
A narrow groove
Tuberosity
A rough projection
Tubercle
Small round projection
Appendicular muscles are supplied by
Nerve plexus
Axial muscles are supplied
segmentally
Hilton’s law
The nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a joint also innervates the joint
Histology of Skeletal Muscle (4)
Long slender
Multinucleate
Cross striations
Peripherally placed nuclei
Histology of Smooth Muscle (3)
No cross striations
Mononucleate
Centrally situated nuclei
Histology of Cardiac Muscle (4)
Cross striated
Single central nucleus
Cells are branched
Intercalated sics contain gap junctions
Function of Gap Junctions
allow the muscle cells to contract in synchrony
Ligaments
Bone to bone
Tendons
Muscle to bone
Ventral Ramus
Innervate limbs anteriorly
Brachial plexus innervates
Upper limbs
Lumbrosacral plexus innervates
Lower limbs
Dorsal root
Sensory
Ventral root
Motor
Spinal Nerve
Mixed (motor and sensory)
Dorsal Rami=
Mixed to back (erector spinae)
Ventral Rami=
Mixed to all anterior regions of the body
T2 dermatome
Sternomanubrial joint
T4 dermatome
Nipples
T10 dermatome
Skin over naval
L1 dermatome
Skin over groin region
Primary Cartilage Joint
Hyaline cartilage
Examples of primary cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plate
Joint between sterum and first rib
Secondary Cartilage Joint
Involves hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
Examples of secondary cartilage
Symphysis Pubis
IV disc
Osteogenic cells of periosteum
Osteoblasts
Bone length growth (Interstitial)
Epiphyseal Growth Plate
Bone Diameter Growth (Apositional)
Periosteum
Aponeurosis
Flat fibrous tissue that allows muscle to muscle attachment and muscle to bone attachment
Biceps Brachii
Crosses 2 joints (elbow and shoulder)
Flexes arm and forearm
Triceps Brachii
Crosses 2 joints (elbow and shoulder)
Extensor of forearm
Brachioradialis
Crosses 1 joint elbow
Anterior muscle
Flexion of elbow joint
Brachialis
Crosses 1 joint
Elbow
Acts on radio-ulnar
Flexion in all positions
Anterior muscles
Flexor
Posterior muscles
Extensor
Features of Hyaline Cartilage
Chnodrocyte, matrix, lacunae
Features of spongy bone
Trabecular bone
Adipose tissue
Features of Compact bone
Haversion/Osteon System Osteocytes Lacunae Lamellae Haversian Canal Volkmann's Canal Cannuculi
Deltoid, pectoralis major are what type of muscles
Appendicular
Oblique, rectus abdomninis and intercostal are what type of muscles
Axial
Rotator cuff muscles
Anterior= subscalpulatis
Posterior = Infraspinatous
Teres minor
Supraspinous muscle
Tendon connects
Bone to muscle
Brachial plexus innervate____ and orginate
Upper limbs and C5-T1
Lumbosacral plexus innervate_____ and orginate
Lowe limbs and L1-S4
Insertion is____
Superior
Origin
Inferior
Mastoid
Superior (insertion)
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle that inserts and mastoid and originates at clavicle and manibrum of sternum
Clavicle and Manibrum of sternum
Origin
Intermuscular septum
Separates compartments of posterior and anterior muscles
Epineurium
Surrounds whole nerve structure
Perineurium
Surround bundles of nerves
Endoneurium
Surrounds individual nerves
Epimysium
Surrounds whole muscle structure
Perimysium
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibres
Endomysium
Surrounds individual muscle fibres
C1
Atlas
C2
Axis
C7
Vertebra Prominens
Joint between C1 and C2
Pivot synovial
Movement between C1 and C2
rotation
Cervical Vertebrae spinous process
Ends in a double point
Cervical Pedicle
Short
Cervical Vertebral foramen
Large and triangular
Cervical Lower articular facet face____
downward and forward
Cervical Upper articular facet
upwards and inwards
What connects the articular facets in Cervical vertebrae
Articular Pillar
Transverse Foramen in Cervical vertebrae
Forman Transversarium
What passes through Foramen Transversarium
Vertebral artery
Movement in cervical vertebrae
Forward flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
What plane is the cervical vertebrae in
Horizontal plane
Rib articulation of thoracic vertebrae
Costal Facet
Types of costal facet
Transverse
Superior
Inferior
Joint between thoracic facets
Synovial planar joinr
How many ribs are there
12 pairs
Thoracic Articular process
Superior- straight backward
Inferior - Forward
Thoracic Spinous process faces
Downwards
Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
Faces sideways
Inferior vertebral notch form
intervertebra foramen
Costovertebral ligament
joint between costal facets
Movement of thoracic vertebrae
forward flexion (little) , lateral flexion and rotation
Thoracic vertebrae plane
Coronal
Lumbar vertebrae transverse process
small
Lumbar vertebrae spinous process
point straight backwards
Lumbar upper articular process
Face inwards
Lumbar lower articular process
face outwards
Lumbar articular process allows what type of movement
flexion, extension, lateral flexion
Lumbar vertebrae plane
Saggital
Intervertebral Disc
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Lateral view of vertebrae
Interspinous ligaments Supraspinous ligaments Intervertebral forman Ligamentum Flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament
Purpose of longitudinal ligaments
Limits extension and flexion of spine
Sacrum contains 2
articular processes for lumbar vertebrae
Most anterior part on sacrum
sacral promontony
Pelvic sacral foramen
S1-S4 (ventral Rami)
Dorsal sacral foramen
Dorsal Rami
Pelvis =
Articular surface of sacral and Hip bone
Muscle attachment in sacrum
Iliac crest
Erector spinae
Runs from sacrum to upper part of thorax
Keep body upright
3 distinct muscles in erector spinae
Spinalis
Longissimus Thoracis
Iliocostalis Lumborum
Simultaneous contraction of anterior and posterior
Coughing
Vomiting
Childbirth
Meninges of spinal cord
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Space between dura and vertebrae
Epidural space
Space between dura and arachnoid
Subdural space
Space between arachnoid and pia
Subarachnoid space
Contains CSF
Sleeve of dura sac descends to
S3
In cervical region each spinal nerve takes its number from
the vertebrae below
In the other regions each spinal nerve takes its number from
the vertebrae above
Structure of spinal cord
Thoracic spinal nerves Lumbar enlargment Conus Medularis Cauda Equina Filum Terminale
Cauda Equina emerge from
Conus medularis
L2-S5
Filum Terminale
Attaches to first segment of coccyx and anchors end of dural sac
Vertebral Prominems
C7
Spine of scalpula
T3
Inferior angle of scalpula
T7
Summit of iliac crest
L4
Spinal cord in adult ends in
L1/L2
Spinal cord in child ends in
L3
Thoracic duct is located
in between azygous vein and thoracic aorta
Thoracic duct commences at the Cisterna Chyli at
L1
Cervical enlargement
Brachial plexus
Lumbar enlargement
Lumbar-sacral plexus
Sympathetic fibres emerge from spinal cord between
T1-L2 (lateral horns)
Somatic nerves emerge from
C1-T10
Splanchnic nerve
Sympathetic trunk ganglion»_space; Splanchnic nerve»_space; Celiac ganglion = Visceral effector (intestine)
Where do the splanchnic nerves originate
T5/6-T12
Parasympathetic Nerves
Cranial(3,7,9,10) and S2-S4
Pelvic plexus is located
on each side of the rectum
Pelvic plexus consists of
mixed autonomic plexus
distribute both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres
Name of Bone diameter growth and where it occurs
Apositional and Periosteum
Name of Bone length grow and where it occurs
Interstitial and epiphyseal plate
What drains the vertebrae and the spinal cord
Vertebral venous plexus
Where is the vertebral venous plexus found
In the epidural space
The veins in the vertebral venous plexus contain no____
valves
between which vertebral levels does the sympathetic chain extend
C1- end of coccyx
