Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the cranial cavity

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the neck

A

4 parathyroid glands Thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the abdomen

A

2 adrenal

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the pelvis and perineum

A

2 ovaries in females

2 testes in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the diencephalon

A

Made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus
Forms the centre core of cerebrum
Has connections to L&R cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary

A

By the infundibulum
Also called pituitary stalk
Anatomical and functional connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the pituitary divided

A

anatomically and functionally into anterior and posterior
Anterior is glandular tissue
Posterior is neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Also called adenohypophysis
Made up of the pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia
Releases most of the hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary release

A 
Growth hormone (GH) 
Thyroid stimulating (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
Follicle stimulating (FSH) 
Luteinising (LH) 
Prolactin (PRL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

Also called neurohypophysis
Made up of pars nervosa
Actually an extension of the brain
Released hormones synthesised in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

Anti-diuretic - ADH

Oxytocin - OT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does the pituitary gland lie within the skull

A

In the pituitary fossa within the sella turcica
This is part of the sphenoid bone
Lies directly below the optic chiasm and is closely related to the sphenoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What structures surround the pituitary gland

A

Venous blood supply
Internal carotid arteries
CN 2-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is the visual field divided

A

Nasal side - closest to nose

Temporal side - peripheral vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What forms the optic chiasm

A

Right and left optic nerves (CN II)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are the retina divided

A

Nasal retina - receives info from temporal visual field

Temporal retina - receives input from nasal visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe signals from the nasal retina travel to the brain

A

Travel up associated optic nerve
Will cross over at optic chiasm to opposite side
Passes up the optic tract and synapses at thalamus
Next axons pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe signals from the temporal retina travel to the brain

A

ravel up associated optic nerve
Stay on same side at optic chiasm (doesn’t cross)
Passes up the optic tract and synapses at thalamus
Next axons pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How would a pituitary tumour affect vision

A

Can press on the optic chiasm
This disrupts AP’s from nasal retina on both sides
Patient will lose ability to see structures in temporal field - peripheral vision
Called bitemporal hemianopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two pathways used to gain surgical access to the pituitary

A

Transcranial - through the skull, under the frontal lobe

Transsphenoidal - via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the bones that make up the nasal cavity - superior to inferior

A 
Nasal bone - L&R
Ethmoid bone 
Inferior nasal concha 
Maxilla 
Vomer - septum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities
Found in the frontal bone, maxillae, ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone
Lined by mucous secreting respiratory muscosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Make mucous and drain it into the nasal cavities through ostia
Reduce the weight of the skull
Add resonance to the voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The transnasal approach to surgery requires fracture of which structures

A

Nasal septum

Floor and roof of the sphenoid sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which fracture is used to gain more space during operation in the skull

A

Le Fort 1

Removes floor of the nasal cavity to gain better access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What forms the roof of the pituitary fossa

A

Diaphragm sellae

Tough sheet of dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

Layer of tough tissue that is adherent to the internal aspect of all bones in the cranial vault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does most of the blood from the cranial cavity drain

A

Through venous sinuses in the dura mater

Drains blood into the internal jugular veins via the jugular foraminae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What important structure passes through the cavernous sinus

A

Internal carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the optic chiasm and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Conducts APs bilaterally from the nasal retinae

Bitemporal hemianopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Motor innervation to muscles that move the eyeball (globe)
Parasympathetic to the sphincter
muscle of the iris

Problems with eye movement and a dilated pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Motor to one muscle that moves the globe

Problems with looking inferiorly and laterally

34
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Sensory to most of the face
Motor to the muscles of mastication

Sensory symptoms on the face
Difficulty chewing

35
Q

What is the function of the abducent nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Motor to one muscle that moves the globe

Problems with abduction of the eye

36
Q

What is the function of the cavernous sinus and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Drains venous blood

Venous haemorrhage

37
Q

What is the function of the internal carotid artery and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Supplies arterial blood to brain & orbit

Catastrophic haemorrhage

38
Q

What is the function of the dura mater and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged

A

Cerebrospinal fluid leak

39
Q

Describe the location of the thyroid gland

A

Anterior neck - closely related to larynx and trachea
Lobes are attached to lateral aspects of thyroid and cricoid cartilages and to the trachea
Isthmus lies in front of the 2nd/3rd cartilages of trachea
Deep to the strap muscles
Medial to carotid arteries and internal jugular veins

40
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland

A

2 lateral lobes - L and R

Isthmus - narrow connecting band

41
Q

Describe the location of the parathyroid glands

A

The 4 glands are found on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid glands

42
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe

A

An extra lobe of the thyroid present in some people
Most commonly originates from the left lobe

Most attach superiorly to thyroid cartilage but may stretch further

43
Q

Everyone has a pyramidal lobe to their thyroid gland - true or false

A

False

Only around 44%

44
Q

Where does the thyroid gland develop

A

It starts as a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

45
Q

Describe how the thyroid gland moves to it’s mature position

A

Migrates inferiorly from back of tongue via the thyroglossal duct
Reaches final position in 7th week of development

46
Q

Which muscle lies in the superficial fascia of the neck

A

Platysma

47
Q

What is the function of the platysma muscle

A

Muscle of facial expression

Supplied by facial nerve - CN7

48
Q

List the 4 fascial compartments of the neck

A

Prevertebral
Investing 2x carotid sheaths
Pretracheal

49
Q

What is contained in the prevertebral fascia in the neck

A

Postural neck muscles

Cervical vertebrae

50
Q

What is contained in the investing fascia in the neck

A

Encloses all other neck fascial compartments
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid

51
Q

What is contained in the carotid sheaths in the neck

A

Vagus nerves
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein

52
Q

What is contained in the pretracheal fascia in the neck

A 
Oesophagus
Trachea
Thyroid gland
Strap muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
53
Q

Which nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

A

Spinal accessory nerve

CNXI

54
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone

Insertions:
Sternal head: attaches to the manubrium of the sternum Clavicular head: attaches to the medial end of the clavicle

55
Q

What are the insertions of the trapezius

A

Attaches inferiorly to the spine of the scapula & the lateral end of the clavicle

56
Q

Describe the path of the carotid sheaths

A

Run deep to investing fascia
Anterolateral in the neck, either side of thyroid
Blend inferiorly with mediastinal fascia
Attach superiorly to base of skull

57
Q

Which of the carotid arteries leaves the carotid sheaths

A

External will pierce the sheath and leave

Internal stays in

58
Q

Describe the venous drainage from the thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

Drained by superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins
Superior and middle drain into he internal jugular veins (which then go into brachiocephalic)
Inferior drains straight into the brachiocephalic vein
All end up in superior vena cava

59
Q

To which nodes does lymph from the thyroid and parathyroid glands drain to

A

Superior and inferior deep cervical nodes

60
Q

Describe the path of the vagus nerves in the head/neck

A

Branch from the medulla oblongata Exit the skull via the jugular foramen Descend through in carotid sheath

61
Q

Describe the path of the vagus nerves in the thorax

A

Descends through the chest: Right CNX – Lateral to trachea Left CNX – Left side of aortic arch
Both – Posterior to the lung hilum and on the oesophagus

62
Q

Describe the path of the vagus nerves in the

A

Both vagus nerves pass through the
diaphragm with the oesophagus

Then divide into their terminal branches on the surface of the stomach supply the abdominal organs

63
Q

Describe the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branches off left vagus nerve and recurs (turns back on itself) to pass under the arch of the aorta and up via the tracheal-oesophageal groove

64
Q

Describe the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branches off right vagus nerve and recurs (turns back on itself) to pass under the subclavian artery and up via the tracheal-oesophageal groove

65
Q

List the 4 strap muscles

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

66
Q

Describe the classic inscion used for a thyroidectomy

A

Horizontal ‘collar’ incision along a natural skin crease or in direction of Langer’s line
Just above the clavicles and jugular notch
Cut through the skin and platysma

67
Q

List the arteries that supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

Superior thyroid artery - 1st branch from external carotid
Inferior thyroid artery - branch from subclavian
Thyroid Ima artery - isn’t always there (variation)

68
Q

What is Berry’s ligament

A

fascial layers which come together to hold the thyroid up

69
Q

What is the result of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Paralysis of the associated vocal chord
Unilateral - hoarseness or weak voice with a weak cough
Bilateral - aphonia (cant produce sound) and inability to close rima glottidis or produce a cough

70
Q

What type of cells make up the thyroid gland

A

Follicular glands surround the colloid - make up the follicle
These cells produce thyroglobulin
Parafollicular cells are found in the surrounding connective tissue
These cells produce calcitonin

71
Q

What is the adrenal gland composed of

A

An outer cortex and internal medulla

72
Q

Where is the adrenal gland found

A

retroperitoneal

on top of each kidney

73
Q

List the functional layers of the adrenal gland from outside to inside

A 
Connective tissue 
Zona glomerulosa 
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis 
Medulla
74
Q

What makes up bone

A

Collagen (protein)
Calcium phosphate (mineral)
The CP adds strength to bone

75
Q

What are the 2 types of bone

A

Trabecular bone - porous and spongy

Cortical bone - dense and forms outer layer of bone

76
Q

Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands

A

Parathyroid hormone

77
Q

Which hormones are produced by the gonads

A

Testosterone in men

Oestrogen in women

78
Q

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal glands

A

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Glucocorticoids - cortisol
Adrenaline
Nor-adrenaline

79
Q

Which hormones are produced by the pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

80
Q

Which hormones are produced by the thyroid

A

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Endocrinology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions