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Endocrinology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the cranial cavity

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

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2
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the neck

A

4 parathyroid glands Thyroid gland

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3
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the abdomen

A

2 adrenal

Pancreas

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4
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the pelvis and perineum

A

2 ovaries in females

2 testes in men

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5
Q

What is the diencephalon

A

Made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus
Forms the centre core of cerebrum
Has connections to L&R cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

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6
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary

A

By the infundibulum
Also called pituitary stalk
Anatomical and functional connection

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7
Q

How is the pituitary divided

A

anatomically and functionally into anterior and posterior
Anterior is glandular tissue
Posterior is neural tissue

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8
Q

Describe the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Also called adenohypophysis
Made up of the pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia
Releases most of the hormones

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9
Q

What hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary release

A 
Growth hormone (GH) 
Thyroid stimulating (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
Follicle stimulating (FSH) 
Luteinising (LH) 
Prolactin (PRL)
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10
Q

Describe the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

Also called neurohypophysis
Made up of pars nervosa
Actually an extension of the brain
Released hormones synthesised in the hypothalamus

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11
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

Anti-diuretic - ADH

Oxytocin - OT

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12
Q

Where does the pituitary gland lie within the skull

A

In the pituitary fossa within the sella turcica
This is part of the sphenoid bone
Lies directly below the optic chiasm and is closely related to the sphenoid sinus

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13
Q

What structures surround the pituitary gland

A

Venous blood supply
Internal carotid arteries
CN 2-6

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14
Q

How is the visual field divided

A

Nasal side - closest to nose

Temporal side - peripheral vision

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15
Q

What forms the optic chiasm

A

Right and left optic nerves (CN II)

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16
Q

How are the retina divided

A

Nasal retina - receives info from temporal visual field

Temporal retina - receives input from nasal visual field

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17
Q

Describe signals from the nasal retina travel to the brain

A

Travel up associated optic nerve
Will cross over at optic chiasm to opposite side
Passes up the optic tract and synapses at thalamus
Next axons pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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18
Q

Describe signals from the temporal retina travel to the brain

A

ravel up associated optic nerve
Stay on same side at optic chiasm (doesn’t cross)
Passes up the optic tract and synapses at thalamus
Next axons pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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19
Q

How would a pituitary tumour affect vision

A

Can press on the optic chiasm
This disrupts AP’s from nasal retina on both sides
Patient will lose ability to see structures in temporal field - peripheral vision
Called bitemporal hemianopia

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20
Q

What are the two pathways used to gain surgical access to the pituitary

A

Transcranial - through the skull, under the frontal lobe

Transsphenoidal - via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

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21
Q

List the bones that make up the nasal cavity - superior to inferior

A 
Nasal bone - L&R
Ethmoid bone 
Inferior nasal concha 
Maxilla 
Vomer - septum
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22
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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23
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities
Found in the frontal bone, maxillae, ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone
Lined by mucous secreting respiratory muscosa

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24
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Make mucous and drain it into the nasal cavities through ostia
Reduce the weight of the skull
Add resonance to the voice

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25
The transnasal approach to surgery requires fracture of which structures
Nasal septum | Floor and roof of the sphenoid sinuses
26
Which fracture is used to gain more space during operation in the skull
Le Fort 1 | Removes floor of the nasal cavity to gain better access
27
What forms the roof of the pituitary fossa
Diaphragm sellae | Tough sheet of dura mater
28
Describe the dura mater
Layer of tough tissue that is adherent to the internal aspect of all bones in the cranial vault
29
How does most of the blood from the cranial cavity drain
Through venous sinuses in the dura mater | Drains blood into the internal jugular veins via the jugular foraminae
30
What important structure passes through the cavernous sinus
Internal carotid arteries
31
What is the function of the optic chiasm and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Conducts APs bilaterally from the nasal retinae Bitemporal hemianopia
32
What is the function of the oculomotor nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Motor innervation to muscles that move the eyeball (globe) Parasympathetic to the sphincter muscle of the iris Problems with eye movement and a dilated pupil
33
What is the function of the trochlear nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Motor to one muscle that moves the globe Problems with looking inferiorly and laterally
34
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Sensory to most of the face Motor to the muscles of mastication Sensory symptoms on the face Difficulty chewing
35
What is the function of the abducent nerve and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Motor to one muscle that moves the globe Problems with abduction of the eye
36
What is the function of the cavernous sinus and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Drains venous blood Venous haemorrhage
37
What is the function of the internal carotid artery and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Supplies arterial blood to brain & orbit Catastrophic haemorrhage
38
What is the function of the dura mater and what can go wrong if it is damaged/impinged
Cerebrospinal fluid leak
39
Describe the location of the thyroid gland
Anterior neck - closely related to larynx and trachea Lobes are attached to lateral aspects of thyroid and cricoid cartilages and to the trachea Isthmus lies in front of the 2nd/3rd cartilages of trachea Deep to the strap muscles Medial to carotid arteries and internal jugular veins
40
Describe the structure of the thyroid gland
2 lateral lobes - L and R | Isthmus - narrow connecting band
41
Describe the location of the parathyroid glands
The 4 glands are found on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid glands
42
What is the pyramidal lobe
An extra lobe of the thyroid present in some people Most commonly originates from the left lobe Most attach superiorly to thyroid cartilage but may stretch further
43
Everyone has a pyramidal lobe to their thyroid gland - true or false
False | Only around 44%
44
Where does the thyroid gland develop
It starts as a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
45
Describe how the thyroid gland moves to it's mature position
Migrates inferiorly from back of tongue via the thyroglossal duct Reaches final position in 7th week of development
46
Which muscle lies in the superficial fascia of the neck
Platysma
47
What is the function of the platysma muscle
Muscle of facial expression | Supplied by facial nerve - CN7
48
List the 4 fascial compartments of the neck
Prevertebral Investing 2x carotid sheaths Pretracheal
49
What is contained in the prevertebral fascia in the neck
Postural neck muscles | Cervical vertebrae
50
What is contained in the investing fascia in the neck
Encloses all other neck fascial compartments Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid
51
What is contained in the carotid sheaths in the neck
Vagus nerves Deep cervical lymph nodes Carotid arteries Internal jugular vein
52
What is contained in the pretracheal fascia in the neck
``` Oesophagus Trachea Thyroid gland Strap muscles Recurrent laryngeal nerves ```
53
Which nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Spinal accessory nerve | CNXI
54
What are the origins and insertions of the sternocleidomastoid
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone Insertions: Sternal head: attaches to the manubrium of the sternum Clavicular head: attaches to the medial end of the clavicle
55
What are the insertions of the trapezius
Attaches inferiorly to the spine of the scapula & the lateral end of the clavicle
56
Describe the path of the carotid sheaths
Run deep to investing fascia Anterolateral in the neck, either side of thyroid Blend inferiorly with mediastinal fascia Attach superiorly to base of skull
57
Which of the carotid arteries leaves the carotid sheaths
External will pierce the sheath and leave | Internal stays in
58
Describe the venous drainage from the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Drained by superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins Superior and middle drain into he internal jugular veins (which then go into brachiocephalic) Inferior drains straight into the brachiocephalic vein All end up in superior vena cava
59
To which nodes does lymph from the thyroid and parathyroid glands drain to
Superior and inferior deep cervical nodes
60
Describe the path of the vagus nerves in the head/neck
Branch from the medulla oblongata Exit the skull via the jugular foramen Descend through in carotid sheath
61
Describe the path of the vagus nerves in the thorax
Descends through the chest: Right CNX – Lateral to trachea Left CNX – Left side of aortic arch Both – Posterior to the lung hilum and on the oesophagus
62
Describe the path of the vagus nerves in the
Both vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm with the oesophagus Then divide into their terminal branches on the surface of the stomach supply the abdominal organs
63
Describe the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Branches off left vagus nerve and recurs (turns back on itself) to pass under the arch of the aorta and up via the tracheal-oesophageal groove
64
Describe the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Branches off right vagus nerve and recurs (turns back on itself) to pass under the subclavian artery and up via the tracheal-oesophageal groove
65
List the 4 strap muscles
Omohyoid Sternohyoid Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid
66
Describe the classic inscion used for a thyroidectomy
Horizontal 'collar' incision along a natural skin crease or in direction of Langer's line Just above the clavicles and jugular notch Cut through the skin and platysma
67
List the arteries that supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Superior thyroid artery - 1st branch from external carotid Inferior thyroid artery - branch from subclavian Thyroid Ima artery - isn't always there (variation)
68
What is Berry's ligament
fascial layers which come together to hold the thyroid up
69
What is the result of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Paralysis of the associated vocal chord Unilateral - hoarseness or weak voice with a weak cough Bilateral - aphonia (cant produce sound) and inability to close rima glottidis or produce a cough
70
What type of cells make up the thyroid gland
Follicular glands surround the colloid - make up the follicle These cells produce thyroglobulin Parafollicular cells are found in the surrounding connective tissue These cells produce calcitonin
71
What is the adrenal gland composed of
An outer cortex and internal medulla
72
Where is the adrenal gland found
retroperitoneal | on top of each kidney
73
List the functional layers of the adrenal gland from outside to inside
``` Connective tissue Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla ```
74
What makes up bone
Collagen (protein) Calcium phosphate (mineral) The CP adds strength to bone
75
What are the 2 types of bone
Trabecular bone - porous and spongy | Cortical bone - dense and forms outer layer of bone
76
Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone
77
Which hormones are produced by the gonads
Testosterone in men | Oestrogen in women
78
Which hormones are produced by the adrenal glands
Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone Glucocorticoids - cortisol Adrenaline Nor-adrenaline
79
Which hormones are produced by the pancreas
Insulin | Glucagon
80
Which hormones are produced by the thyroid
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Endocrinology (13 decks)

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