Anatomy Flashcards
List the arterial supply to the upper limb - proximal to distal
Subclavian Axillary Brachial Deep brachial Radial and Ulnar Deep & superficial palmar arches Metacarpal and digital arteries
List the arterial supply to the lower limb - proximal to distal
External iliac Deep femoral Perforating artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial Dorsalis pedis Medial and lateral plantar Arcuate Metatarsal & digital
How can you reduce blood flow to the arm
Put pressure between the subclavian and the first rib
Important in trauma
What are end arteries
The only blood supply to an area
Untreated occlusion of these arteries leads to infarction
The digital arteries are end
Where is the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
The neck
Anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle at level of upper border of thyroid cartilage
Where does the brachial artery lie
Medial to biceps tendon in the cubital fossa
Where does the radial artery lie
Lateral to tendon of flexor carpi radialis
Where does the femoral artery lie
Inferior to midpoint of inguinal ligament
Where does the popliteal artery lie
In popliteal fossa (immediately posterior to knee joint)
Where does the posterior tibial artery lie
Between the posterior border of the medial malleolus & the achilles tendon
Where dorsalis pedis artery lie
Medial to tendon of extensor hallucis longus distal to the ankle joint
what is ischaemia
inadequate oxygenation of cells/tissues due to an interruption to blood supply
What can reduce arterial perfusion pressure
Left ventricular failure Arterial bleed Arterial rupture (aneurysm) Occlusion of lumen Arterial spasm External compression
What can increase venous drainage pressure
Right (or congestive) cardiac failure
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
External compression
What are the features of superficial veins
Smaller, thinner Run in superficial fascia Highly variable Drain into deep veins More likely to become varicosed
What are the features of deep veins
Larger, thicker Run deep to deep fascia Lie within muscle compartments More predictable Occur in neurovascular bundles - lie with artery and nerve
Describe superficial fascia
Loose connective tissue and fat
Varies in depth
Contains superficial blood vessels, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics and sweat glands
Describe deep fascia
Relatively tough and sheet like
Dense connective tissue
Usually white, sometimes glistening appearance
Covers most of the body deep to skin and superficial fascia
Divides limbs into compartments
List the deep fascia of the upper limb
Pectoral fascia
Deltoid
Brachial
Antebrachial
List the deep fascia of the lower limb
Fascia lata = thigh
Iliotibial tract/band - connects hip to outside of leg
Crural fascia - leg
What is the function of deep fascia
Invests muscles
Forms intramuscular septa- compartments
Venous return
Describe the path of the cephalic vein
Arises from dorsal venous network Travels along the lateral aspect of limb Enters deltopectoral groove Drains into axillary vein Becomes subclavian at lateral border of rib 1
Describe the path of the basilic vein
Arises from dorsal venous network
Medial aspect of limb
Drains into brachial veins by travelling through the deep fascia (level of mid-arm)
Describe the median cubital vein
Connects the cephalic and basilic
Found in the cubital fossa - crook of the elbow
The vein you commonly take blood samples from
Some people have variations where they lack this
Describe the path of the great saphenous vein
Arises from dorsal venous arch
Goes from the medial malleolus
Travels up medial aspect of limb
Drains into femoral vein
Describe the path of the small saphenous vein
Arises from dorsal venous arch - lateral aspect
Travels up posterior midline of leg
Drains into popliteal vein (posterior to knee)
How do you name the deep veins of the limbs
Follow same path and have same names as the arteries
What is Vena Comitantes
When veins surround an artery and are enclosed in a vascular sheath
This keeps the vessels close together - tight
As the artery pulsates, it pushes on the veins and helps blood move up through them
Only occurs in smaller veins – brachial and knee downwards
What is the function of venous valves
Ensure unidirectional blood flow against gravity
What is the musculovenous pump
Blood is pushed back to the heart by skeletal muscle movement when the veins lie in muscular compartments
How does blood from superficial veins drain
Normally flows from superficial veins into deep veins through perforating veins
What leads to varicose veins and DVT
Immobility and venous valve failure
As you age, the deep fascia becomes less rigid and less effective = increased stasis and increased risk
Perforating veins often become insufficient and lead to more blood in the superficial veins - varicose
What causes venous ulceration
Increase in venous pressure damages vessels in the skin
Skin becomes dry, itchy and inflamed but cannot heal well due to poor blood supply
Begins to break down and forms an ulcer
common on medial aspect of lower leg
What is a saddle embolus
When a blood clot - often from a DVT blocks the pulmonary trunk
This leads to complete occlusion of the pulmonary system and arrests circulation
Describe the lymphatics of the upper limb
Have superficial lymph vessels that follow the cephalic and Basilic veins
Cephalic drains to axillary nodes
Basilic drains to cubital then axillary
There are deep vessels that follow the deep veins and drain to the axillary nodes
Describe the lymphatics of the lower limb
the superficial lymph vessels follow the great saphenous veins
The ones following the great s vein drain to superficial inguinal nodes then external iliac or deep inguinal
The ones following the small s vein drain to the popliteal nodes then deep inguinal then external iliac
