Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS3 - BAMS > Anatomy 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Anatomy 7 & 8 Flashcards

1
Q

lymphatic system function

A
  • drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream
  • removal of debris from cellular decomposition
  • production of immune cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lymph nodes are important for indicating…
and can also spread

A
  • infection
  • swollen if they are active
  • can also spread infection or facilitate spread of malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is most lypmh returned to body and what is the exception

A
  • through thoracic duct on left venous angle
  • exception of right upper limb, right side of head and neck and thorax
  • exceptions drain into right lypmphatic duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 groups of superficial nodes of the head
and approx how many of each group

A
  • posterior auricular LN (1-3)
  • anterior auricular LN (1-3)
  • occipital LN (1-3)
  • facial LN (up to 12)
  • superficial parotid LN (10)
  • nodes are paired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe healthy lymph nodes

A
  • small
  • soft
  • mobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe lymph nodes indicating pathology

A
  • hardened
  • enlarged
  • can be palpated
  • can be tender to touch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the posterior auricular, anterior auricular and superficial parotid lymph nodes drain
where do these nodes empty

A
  • external ear
  • lacrimal gland
  • adjacent regions of the scalp and face
  • drain into superior deep cervical nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does occipital lymph node drain
where does it empty

A
  • drains scalp of that region
  • drains into inferior deep cervical nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do facial lymph nodes drain/location of LN/names of sub-groups

A
  • located along the facial vein
  • 4 subgroups- infraorbital, nasolabial, buccal, mandibular
  • drains skin and mucous membrane where nodes located
  • all drain into superior deep cervical LN
  • infections of teeth may spread to facial nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

deep lymph nodes of the head

A
  • cannot be palpated
  • deep parotid nodes drain middle ear, auditory tube and parotid gland
  • retropharyngeal nodes drain pharynx and paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
  • drain into deep cervical nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 main groups of superficial cervical lymph nodes/paired on unpaired/approx how many of each group

A
  • submental (2-3) and unpaired (bilateral drainage)
  • submandibular (3-6) and paired
  • external jugular
  • anterior jugular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

submental lymph nodes drain/then drain to
what can swelling of these nodes indicate

A
  • drain lower lip, both sides of chin, FOM, apex of tongue and mandibular incisors/their periodontium/gingivae
  • drain either directly into deep cervical nodes or via submandibular nodes
  • swelling can indicate epstein-barr virus (member of herpes virus family and can cause glandular fever)
  • swelling can also indicate toxoplasmosis or dental infection
  • spread of cancer from these areas may occur via nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

submandibular lymph nodes drain/then drain to
what can swelling of these nodes indicate

A
  • unilaterally drain cheeks, upper lip, body of tongue, anterior hard palate and most of teeth/periodontium/gingivae (except mand incisors and max 3rd molars)
  • most common cause of enlargement is infection from head and neck, sinuses, ears, eyes, scalp, pharynx
  • may be involved in spread of cancers from oral cavity, anterior nasal cavity, soft tissue of midface and submanduibular salivary gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

deep cervical lymph nodes number/location

A
  • spprox 15-30
  • drain all nodes from head
  • located along length of IJV, deep to SCM
  • divides into superior and inferior deep cervical nodes based on position of omohyoid which crosses IJV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

superior deep cervical nodes drain/clinical application

A
  • drain post nasal cavity, post hard palate, soft palate, base of tongue, maxillary 3rd molars/periodontium/gingivae, TMJ, esophagus, trachea and thyroid gland
  • tongue lymph drainage is bilateral so pathology may appear on lymph nodes of either side of neck
  • jugular digastric node drains palatie tonsils so can be enlarged if tonsils and associated nodes are active in immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

inferior deep cervical nodes drain/clinical application

A
  • prominent palpable node is jugulo-omohyoid LN
  • this node drains lymph from tongue and submental triangle
  • enlargement may be a sign of pathology of the tongue such as carcinoma
  • inferior deep cervical nodes communicate with axilary LN that drain breast region so they are at greater risk for involving the spread of breast cancer or adenocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

main deep cervial lymph nodes

A
  • jugulodigastric
  • jugulo-omohyoid
  • acessory
  • supraclavicular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

accessory and supraclavicular LN drain/clinical importance

A
  • drain lateral triangles of the neck
  • very close to thoracic duct so at risk for involving the spread of cancers, especially those arising from lungs, esophagus and stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

clinical importance of lymphatic system
difference between infection and cancer

A
  • enlarged LN may indicate current or past pathology or immune activity
  • can point to systemic (eg lymphoma) or local disease
  • inflammation/infection = swollen, tender nodes
  • malignancy = hard, painless LN
  • area of lymph drainage indicates potential location of disease or malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oral cavity boundaries

A
  • roof = hard and soft palates
  • floor = soft tissues, tongue, mylohyoid
  • lateral walls = cheeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Dental arches separate
Oral cavity into oral vestibule and oral cavity proper
26
Anteriorly to the Oral cavity
Oral fissure created by the lips
27
Posterior to the oral cavity
Oropharynx Accessed through the oropharyngeal isthmus
28
Lips composed of/vestigial feature/cut causes
Composed of soft tissue and lined externally by skin and internally by oral mucosa Orbicularis oris main muscle component- acts as sphincter for oral fissure Buccinator and other lip muscles also involved in altering shape and size Vestigial feature = the Philtrum above upper lip Cut causes bleed from both sides as arteries anastomose across midline
29
Sensory innervation/blood supply/lymphoma drainage of the lip
Sensory innervation via CNV2 (superior labial branches of infraorbital nerve ) and CNV3 (inferior labial branch of mental nerve) Blood supply from superior and inferior labial arteries- branches of CNVII Lymph drainage primarily via submandibular lymph nodes apart from medial part of lower lip draining to submental LN
30
Cheeks composed of/innervation/blood supply
Composed of muscle and fascia lined superficially with skin and deep with oral mucosa Main muscle component is buccinator Sensory innervation from buccaneers branches of CNV3 Buccinator innervation by CNVII blood supply via buccal branches of maxillary artery
31
Key features of the oral vestibule
Upper labial frenulum Lower labial frenulum Upper and lower buccal frenulum All are mucosal folds Also papilla of parotid duct
32
Floor of mouth formed by
Muscular diaphragm created by the paired mylohyoid muscles
33
Mylohyoid attachments
Mylohyoid line of mandible Body of hyoid Two mylohyoid muscles attach in the mid,one to the mylohyoid Raphe
34
geniohyoid attachments
Inferior mental spine of mandible Body of the hyoid
35
What forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
36
What separates anterior and posterior parts of the tongue
Terminal sulcus V shapes groove on dorsum of tongue
37
Root vs body vs apex of tongue
Root is the post portion attached to other structures such as mandible, hyoid Body is anterior 2/3 between root and apex Apex is tip of the tongue Body and apex extremely mobile to allow articulation and movement of food into oropharynx
38
Types of papillae on tongue
Fungiform Foliate Vallate Filiform
39
Fungiform papillae
Mushroom shaped papillae on tongue Most numerous at apex and margins of tongue
40
Foliate papillae
Folds on mucosa lining of tongue both posteriorly and laterally on superior surface of tongue
41
Vallate papillae
Largest papillae of tongue Arranged in v shape anterior to terminal sulcus Surrounded by trenches which have taste buds in walls and ducts for serious glands
42
Filiform papillae
Only papillae of tongue that do not have any tastebuds Contain nerve endings sensitive to touch
43
Lymphoid nodules on tongue
On posterior part of tongue no lingual papillae but instead lymphoid nodules Gives the tongue cobblestone appearance Known collectively as lingual tonsils
44
Tongue inferior surface key features
Does not have any papillae Frenulum marking midline Lingual vein Sublingual folds Sublingual caruncle- opening of submandibular duct
45
Muscles of the tongue
Extrinsic muscles: palatoglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus Intrinsic muscles: super longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, transverse
46
General Function of tongue muscles
Intrinsic muscles change the size and shape of the tongue Extrinsic muscles responsible for protruding, retracting, elevating and depressing the tongue
47
Genioglossus originates/attaches/function and clinical problem
Originates from superior mental spine of mandible Attach to hyoid bone and also blend with intrinsic muscle fibres Function is to protrude the tongue When not working falls posteriorly and obstructs airway which happens during GA so airway inserted
48
Hyoglossus originates/attaches/function
Originates from greater horn of hyoid Blends with intrinsic muscles on lateral aspect of tongue Depresses side of tongue
49
Where do lingual artery, lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve run in relation to tongue muscles
Lingual artery enters between hyoglossus and genioglossus Hypoglossal and lingual nerves enter the tongue on the external surface of the hyoglossus
50
Styloglossus originates/attaches/function
Originates from styloid process of temporal bone Fibres blend with intrinsic muscles of tongue and superior fibres of hyoglossus Elevates and retracts tongue
51
Palatoglossus originates/attaches/function
Originates from palatine aponeurosus - on posterior border of hard palate Fibres blend with intrinsic muscles on the lateral surface of the tongue Elevate post portion of tongue
52
Tongue innervation motor/general sensation/special sensation (taste)
Motor- all supplied by hypoglossal nerve CNVXII except palatoglossus which supplied by vagus nerve General sensation- anterior 2/3 by CNV3, posterior 1/3 by CNIX Special sensation - anterior 2/3 by chorda tympani CNVII, posterior 1/3 by CNIX
53
Tongue blood supply
Lingual artery from external carotid is major arterial supply Deep lingual and dorsal lingual veins drain the tongue - drain to IJV
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
submandibular gland location/secretion/duct
* located in submandibular fossa on mandible * partly superficial and partly deep to mylohyoid (wraps around mylohyoid) * deep part lies in floor of the oral cavity next to root of tongue * mixed serous and mucus secretions * duct approx 5cm between mylohyoid and hyoglossus
65
submandibular gland nerve association, blood supply and lymph drainage
* lingual nerve from CNV3 loops under duct before opening into oral cavity * submental artery (branch facial artery) supplies gland * submental vein drains * lymphatic vessels in gland end in deep cervical lymh nodes (particularly jugulo-omohyoid node)
66
what covers submandibular gland
* fascial capsule * continuous with the deep investing cervical fascia
67
submandibular duct where it opens
* opens into 3 orifices in the ora cavity * besides base of frenulum (besides sublingual caruncles) * openings are visible and saliva can be sen coming from them while yawning
68
sublingual gland location/secretion/duct
* almond shaped and lies in floor of mouth between mandible and hyoglossus * sits in sublingual fossa of mandible * lateral to submandibular duct and lingual nerve * mostly mucous secretions, some serous * duct open into floor of mouth along sublingual folds
69
sublingual gland blood supply
* sublingual artery - branch of lingual artery * submental artery - branch of facial artery * venous drainage via submental veins to lingual and facial veins
70
sublingual duct location
* numerous and drain into oral cavity via openings into crest of sublingual fold * sublingual folds overlay the sublingual glands and extend to frenulum of tongue * can sometimes empty with submandibular duct and sublingual caruncle
71
submandibular and sublingual glands sympathetic innervation
* derived from superior cervical ganglia and nerve plexus on external carotid artery * results mainly in vasoconstriction and reduction in volume of saliva * leads to dry mouth
72
submandibular and sublingual glands parasympathetic innervation
* secretomotor innervation to produce saliva * chorda tympani nerve CNVII - preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to submandibular ganglion via the lingual nerve * postganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to glands either via lingual nerve OR travel directly to glands not in a nerve
73
minor salivary glands and what are they susceptible to
* found embedded in submucosa of oral cavity * buccal * palatine * lingual (tongue) * labial * glands are susceptible to mucoceles
74
mucocele
* salivary gland cyst * contains mucous content * usually arises from minor salivary glands * occur due to trauma to SG or SG duct blockage
75
minor salivary gland parasympathetic innervation palatine gland
* preganglionic parasymp fibres travel to pterygopalatine ganglion via greater petrosal nerve (CNVII) * postganglionic fibres travel to palate via palatine nerves
76
minor salivary gland parasympathetic innervation buccal, lingual and labial glands
* same as submandibular and sublingual SG innervation * preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to submandibular ganglion from chorda tympani and via the lingual nerve * postganglionic fibres travel to gland either via lingual nerve or travel directly to the glands not in a nerve
77
possible pathologies of SG/ducts
* mumps * salivary stone/calculi (sialolithiasis) * mucoceles * excessive salivation (ptyalism)
78
mumps
* viral infection * presents in children as painful swelling over SG * most commonly over parotid gland * MMR vaccine * supportive treatment to relieve pain * can spread to other parts of the body (viral meningitis)
79
salivary stones/calculi presentation and tx
* pain, swelling and lack of salivation * tend to be common in submandibular duct due to its upward course into the oral cavity * best treated with surgical resection - care to avoid lingual nerve and other surrounding nerves * also called sialolithiasis
80
ptyalism
* excessive salivation * commonly occurs prior to vomiting * can also be associated with several disease processes/pathologies
81
mylohyoid origin/insertion/action//innervation
* originates at mylohyoid line on mandible * inserts into body of hyoid and fibres of opposite mylohyoid * elevates hyoid and floor of mouth, reinforces floor of oral cavity * innervated by nerve to mylohyoid (branch of CNV3)
82
digastric origin/insertion/action//innervation
* anterior belly originates at digastric fossa of lower medial aspect of mandible * posterior belly originates from mastoid notch on medial side of mastoid * both insert at intermediate tendone which attaches to hyoid via fascial sling * anterior belly raises hyoid and opens mouth by lowering mandible * posterior belly elevates and retracts hyoid * anterior belly innervated by nerve to mylohyoid CNV3 * posterior belly innervated by digastric branch of CNVII
83
stylohyoid origin/insertion/action//innervation
* originates at styloid process * inserts into body of hyoid * pulls hyoid bone upward * innervation via CNVII
84
geniohyoid origin/insertion/action//innervation
* originates from inferior mental spine of mandible * inserts at body of hyoid * when mandible fixed it elevates and pulls hyoid forward * when hyoid fixed it pulls mandible downward and inward * innervation via anterior ramus of C1 (travels with CNXII)
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
what is the pharynx
* tube of fibrous and muscular tissue * lies posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx
95
what are oral cavity fauces
* regarded usually part of oropharynx * extend between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches * to base of tongue inferiorly and soft palate superiorly
96
nasopharynx boundaries and lined with
* extends from posterior border of nasal septum to soft palate * lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar)
97
what is opening of auditory tube called clinical relevance
* pharyngotympanic tube * eustachian tube * goes to the middle ear from nasopharynx * connection between nasopharynx and middle ear so sometimes ear infections secondary to upper respiratory infections
98
auditory/pharyngotympanic tube constituents
* partly bone cartilagenous * cartlagenous end is covered by mucosa and called the torus tubarius or torus of auditory tube * also collection of lymphoid tissue in the area called the tubal tonsil
99
auditory/pharyngotympanic tube constituents
* partly bone cartilagenous * cartlagenous end is covered by mucosa and called the torus tubarius or torus of auditory tube * also collection of lymphoid tissue in the area called the tubal tonsil
100
salpingopharyngeal fold
* vertical fold of mucous membrane in nasopharynx * covers the salpingopharyngeal muscle
101
oropharynx boundaries and lining
* soft palate superiorly * base of tongue and superior border of epiglottis inferiorly * palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches laterally * lined with stratified squamous epithelium (same as oral cavity)
102
pharyngeal isthmus formed by
* posterior border of soft palate * forms anterior margin of pharyngeal isthmus * where nasopharynx and oropharynx communicate
103
oropharynx main structures
* posterior 1/3 tongue and lingual tonsils * vallate papillae * palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches * tonsilar fossa where palatine tonsils sit * epiglottis
104
what is the epiglottis and vallecula
* epiglottis is piece of elastic cartilage covered with mucosa and closes off the larynx during swallowing so food doesnt go in airway * vallecula is valley between posterior end of tongue and epiglottis and one of the areas where food might get stuck (fishbones etc)
105
laryngopharynx boundaries and lining
* superior border or epiglottis superiorly * inferior border of cricoid cartilage inferiorly * continuous with oesophagus * lined with stratified squamous epithelium (same as oral cavity) non keratinised
106
layngopharynx posterior/lateral and internal walls formed by
* posterior and lateral walls are formed by middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles * internally wall formed by palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles
107
how does laryngopharynx communicate with larynx
* through the laryngeal inlet * on its anterior wall
108
tonsils and types/location
* lymphoid tissue forming waldeyers tonsillar ring * pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx * tubal tonsils around pharyngotympanic tube opening in nasopharynx * palatine tonsils in isthmus of fauces of oropharynx * lingual tonsils on posterior third of tongue
109
tonsils function
* immune function * protect the airways from external bacteria * lymphocytes and immune system recognises cells and microorganisms that gets trapped in the crypts of the lymphoid tissue to start immune response
110
pharynx fascia and muscles overview
* pharyngobasilar fascia is a stiff layer which holds nasopharynx open * 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles (superior, middle and inferior) which move food to oesophagus during swallowing * 3 pharyngeal elevators lift the pharynx to recieve food bolus from the oral cavity
111
pharyngeal constrictors name/function/nerve supply
* superior, middle and posterior * inferior pharyngeal constrictor forms a sphincter (cricopharyngeus) around the upper oesophagus which prevents air being drawn into stomach during inhalation * when contracting sequentially they force the food bolus towards the oesophagus * all supplied by vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus
112
pharyngeal elevators name/function/nerve supply palatopharyngeus
* descends from skulls to inner surface of pharynx * elevates the pharynx and larynx * draws the soft palate downwards * supplied by vagus nerve
113
pharyngeal elevators name/function/nerve supply stylopharyngeus
* originates from styloid process * elevates pharynx and larynx * only pharyngeal muscle supplied by glosopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
114
pharyngeal elevators name/function/nerve supply salpingopharyngeus
* originates from auditory tube * elevates pharynx and the larynx * helps open the auditory tube during swallowing from pressure equalisation in the middle ear * supplied by vagus nerve
115
swallowing oral phase description
* food bolus formed in oral cavity by chewing and coordinated tongue movements to prevent tongue biting * food bolus pushed into oropharynx by tongue and pressed against palate * voluntary phase
116
swallowing pharyngeal phase description
* involuntary phase * superior constrictor contraction and soft palate elevation * pharyngeal elevation to recieve food bolus (elevators) * food bolush pushed towards oesophagus (pharyngeal constrictors) * epiglottis closes laryngeal inlet protecting the airway
117
swallowing oesophageal phase description
* as inferior oesophageal constrictor contracts the upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes allowing food bolus into oesophagus * peristaltic movements move food bolus towards the stomach
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
hard palate formed by
* anterior 3/4 formed by palatine process of maxilla * post 1/4 by horizontal process of palatine bones * and overlying mucosa
125
describe mucosa of the hard palate
* has palatine rugae thought to help tongue with movement of food * anterior to rugae is incisive papilla which overlies incisie fossa
126
what is incisive fossa
* opening of incisive canals * nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery pass
127
greater palatine nerve and vessels emerge from
* greater palatine foramen * greater palatine artery passes into incisive fossa * lesser palatine structures through lesser palatine foramen
128
why LA of hard palate is painful
mucosa of hard palate is tightly bound to bone
129
soft palate anterior part strengthened by
* palatine aponeurosis * which attaches to edge of hard palate * between pterygoid hamuli on either side
130
describe soft palate during swallowing
* initially tensed to allow tongue to press against it and squeeze bolus * then elevated posteriorly and superiorly against pharynx to prevent food entering nasal cavity
131
muscles of the soft palate
* levator veli palatini * tensor veli palatini * palatopharyngeus * palatoglossus
132
levator veli palatini origin/insertion/action/innervation
* origin is pharyngotympanic tube and temporal bone * inserts onto palatine aponeurosis * lifts palate up for example during yawning or swallowing * motor supplied by vagus nerve
133
tensor veli palatini origin/insertion/action/innervation
* origin is spine of sphenoid and pharyngotympanic tube * inserts onto palatine aponeurosis * tenses soft palate and supports levator in its action * also opens auditory tube during yawning or swallowin to facilitate pressure change between ear and outside * only SP muscle to be supplied by mandibular nerve CNV3
134
palatopharyngeus origin/insertion/action/innervation
* origin is hard palate and palatine aponeurosis * inserts onto lateral wall of pharynx * tesnes soft palate and closes off nasopharynx from oropharynx * innervated by vagus nerve
135
blood supply of palate
* greater and lesser palatine artery which are branches of maxillary artery from external carotid * greater supplies hard palate whilst lesser supplies soft palate
136
general sensation supply of palate
* originates from maxillary nerve CNV2 * lesser palatine nerve supplies soft palate * greater palatine nerve supplies hard palate and gingiva to the first premolar * nasopalatine nerve supplies anterior gingiva and mucosa
137
arches of the oral cavity and space between
* palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles or soft palate form arches * palatoglossal arch is post boundary of oral cavity * between two arches is isthmus of the fauces where tonsillar fossa found and palatine tonsils sit
138
what is uvula
* soft tissue projection * posteriorly in oral cavity * helps to create a seal when swallowing to prevent food and liquid entering nasopharynx
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146

BDS3 - BAMS (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions