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07- Renal and Urology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what four structures make up the urinary tract and what are there functions?

A

kidney- produces urine

ureter- drains urine

bladder- stores/voids urine

urethra- excretion of urine

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2
Q

what structures make up the upper urinary tract?

A

kidneys

ureters

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3
Q

what structures make up the lower urinary tract?

A

urethra

bladder

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4
Q

what structures of the urinary tract are foundin the retoperitoneum?

A

kidneys

proximal ureters

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5
Q

the distal ureters, bladder and proximal urethra are found where?

A

the pelvis

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6
Q

where is the distal urethra found?

A

the perineum

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7
Q

what makes up the hilum of the kidneys?

A

renal artery

renal vein

ureter

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8
Q

what is more anterior, renal artery or vein?

A

renal vein sits anterior to the renal artery

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9
Q

what are the layers of tissue in front of the kidneys from superficial to deep?

A

visceral peritoneum

paranephric fat

renal (deep) fascia

perinephric fat

renal capsule

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10
Q

what are the three layers of abdominal muscles?

A

external oblique

internal oblique

transversus abdominis

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11
Q

what muscles do the kidneys anterior and lateral to?

A

psoas major

qaudratus lumborum

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12
Q

what are the vertebral levels of the kidneys?

A

right L1-L3

left T12-L2

n.b: liver displace sright kidney inferiorly

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13
Q

of what importance are the floatign ribs (11&12) in relation to the kidneys?

A

offer some protection against penetrating trauma

but- if fractures the sharp displaced end could contuse or lacerate the kidney

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14
Q

what regions are the kidneys found in?

A

both upper quadrants or lumbar regions (flanks)

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15
Q

what term is used to describe the clinical exam of the kidney?

A

balloting

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16
Q

how do the kidneys move with regards to respiration?

A

inferiorly on inspiration

superiorly on expiration

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17
Q

describe a ‘normal’ kidney

A

12cm long

6cm wide

smooth

firm

18
Q

lymph from the kidneys drains where?

A

lumbar nodes (located around abdominal aorta and IVC)

19
Q

lymph from ureters drains where?

A

lumbar nodes and iliac nodes

20
Q

what is the ureteric blood supply?

A

branches from:

renal artery

abdominal aorta

common iliac

internal iliac

vesical (bladder) artery

21
Q

when assoc with AAA renal artery stenosis may be combined with what?

A

infra-renal AAA

22
Q

when assoc with AAA renal artery stenosis may be due to what?

A

suprarenal AAA (occlusion of proximal renal artery by the aneurysm)

23
Q

failure of a kidney to form is known as what?

A

agenesis

24
Q

what are the two kinds of nephrectomy?

A

pathological

donation

25
Q

each kidney consists of what?

A

outer cortex

inner medulla

26
Q

what contains the renal pyramids?

A

medulla

27
Q

what give sthe pyramids their striped appearance?

A

regularly arranged nephrons

28
Q

how does urine drain from the kidney?

A
  1. nephrons collecting duct
  2. minor calyx
  3. major calyx
  4. renal pelvis
  5. ureter
29
Q

the tubes drainign urien continue to widen until what point?

A

constriction at the pelviureteric junction wider renal pelvis becomes narrower ureter

30
Q

what are the three sites of ureteric constriction?

A

pelviureteric junction

ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery

ureteric orifice

31
Q

what forms kidney stones?

A

urine calcium salts

32
Q

what are kidney stones termed?

A

renal calculi

33
Q

renal calculi tend to be visible on which type of imaging?

A

x-rays

34
Q

obstruction of the ureter can occur as a result of what?

A

internal obstruction- renal calculus or blood clot

external compression i.e tumour/mass

35
Q

whtat type of muscle encompasses the ureter walls?

A

smooth muscle

36
Q

what is the urinary tracts response to obstruction?

A

increased peristalsis- proximal to site of obstruction

37
Q

what type of pain do patients complain of with a ureteric obstruction?

A

‘colicky’ pain that tends to come and go in waves

38
Q

obstruction casuing urine to back up in to the kidneys can lead to what?

A

renal failure- failure to adeqautely filter the blood to produce urine

39
Q

when will urine production cease?

A

urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressure favouring filtration at the glomerulus

40
Q

define hydronephrosis

A

‘water inside the kidney’

urine back pressure into calyces compresses nephrons leadign to renal failure

41
Q

acute hydronephrosis causes what?

A

painful stretching of the renal capsule

07- Renal and Urology (1 decks)

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