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ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the temporal bone

A

Squamous

Petrous

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2
Q

Pterion

  • Made up of…
  • Problem
A

= frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones

- Thinnest part of the skull, middle meningeal artery is behind

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3
Q

Components of the Anterior Cranial Fossa

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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4
Q

Components of the Middle Cranial Fossa

A

Sphenoid

Temporal

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5
Q

Components of the Posterior Cranial Fossa

A

Temporal

Occipital

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6
Q

Cranial Nerve which travels through the cribriform plate of ethmoid

A

CN I

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7
Q

Cranial Nerve which travels through the optic canal

A

CN II

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8
Q

Cranial Nerves which travel through the superior orbital fissure

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V1 - ophthalmic
CN VI

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9
Q

Cranial Nerve which travels through foramen rotundum

A

CN V2 - maxillary

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10
Q

Cranial Nerve which travels through foramen ovale

A

CN V3 - mandibular

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11
Q

Cranial Nerves which travel through internal acoustic meatus

A

CN VII

CN VIII

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12
Q

Cranial Nerves which travel through jugular foramen

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XI

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13
Q

Cranial Nerve which travels through hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

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14
Q

What comes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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15
Q

External Ear

  • Where to where?
  • Function
A

Auricle > Tympanic membrane

= collects and conveys sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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16
Q

Middle Ear

  • Where to where?
  • Function
A

Tympanic membrane > Oval Window

= amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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17
Q

Inner Ear

  • Where to where?
  • Function
A

Oval Window > Internal Acoustic Meatus

= converts special sensory information and conducts action potentials to the brain

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18
Q

General Sensory Supply to the Skin of the External Ear

A

C2 and 3
CN VII - small patches
CN V3 - superior EAM, most of external tympanic membrane
CN X - inferior EAM, some external tympanic membrane

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19
Q

Sensory Innervation of the Tympanic Membrane

A

CN V3 - most of external tympanic membrane

CN IX - internal tympanic membrane

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20
Q

Glands which produce ear wax

A

Ceruminous glands

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21
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of the Superior Part of the Ear

  • Lateral
  • Cranial
A

Lateral - parotid lymph nodes

Cranial - mastoid lymph nodes

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22
Q

Eventual Drainage of Structures of the Ear

A

Deep cervical nodes

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23
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of the Rest of the Ear

A

Superficial cervical nodes

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24
Q

Straightening the EAM

  • In child
  • In adult
A

Child - posteroinferiorly

Adult - posterosuperiorly

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25
Q

CN IX Sensory Innervation of the Ear

A 
Middle ear cavity 
Eustachian tube 
Nasopharynx 
Oropharynx 
Tonsils
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26
Q

Bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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27
Q

Features of the malleus

A

Has a handle which creates the umbo

28
Q

Area above the tympanic membrane

  • Name
  • Feature
A

Epitympanic recess

- Contains the aditus which leads to the mastoid process

29
Q

Area posterior to the tympanic membrane

A

Tympanic cavity proper

30
Q

Eustachian Tube

  • Other names
  • Function
  • Common Nerve Supply
A

Auditory tube, pharyngotympanic tube
Connects middle ear to the nasopharynx

Function - equalise ear pressure

Share nerve supply with pharynx and tonsils = CN IX

31
Q

Pretracheal fascia

A

Encloses the strap muscles, thyroid, trachea and larynx , oesophagus and pharynx and recurrent laryngeal nerves

32
Q

Strap muscles

  • Function
  • Location
  • What vertebral levels?
A

Accessory muscles of breathing
Location = anterior to laryngopharynx, between the carotid sheaths
Between the C4 and C6 vertebral levels

33
Q

C3 Landmark

A

Hyoid bone

34
Q

C4/5 Landmark

A

Most anterior aspect of thyroid cartilage

35
Q

C6 Landmark

A

Cricoid cartilage

36
Q

Epiglottis

- Attachment

A

Thyroid cartilage

37
Q

Hyoid bone

  • Structure
  • Attachment
A
  • Has two horns on either side
    2 x greater, 2 x lesser
    Attachment: constrictor muscles, thyroid cartilage

= by the thyrohyoid membrane, via the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage

38
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

  • Structure
  • Feature
  • Attachment
A

Structure: superior and inferior horn on either side
Feature: laryngeal prominence = most prominent point is the Adam’s apple
Attachment: attaches to cricoid cartilage via inferior horn

39
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

  • Articulation
  • Special Feature
A

Articulation: articulates with thyroid cartilage at cricothyroid joint
= only component of cartilaginous airway that is a full ring

40
Q

Arytenoid Cartilage

  • Function
  • Attachment
A

Function = important for movement of vocal cords

Attachment: cricoid cartilage (via CA joint)

41
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

  • Role
  • Innervation
A

= made up skeletal muscles between cartilages which cause movement of the vocal cords
Innervation: CN X

42
Q

Intrinsic Muscles involved in TENSION

- Result of tension

A

Cricothyroid muscles

- Tense the vocal ligaments to INCREASE pitch

43
Q

Intrinsic Muscles involved in RELAXATION

- Result of relaxation

A

Thyroarytenoid muscles
- Relax the vocal ligaments to decrease pitch
Relaxation = brings the attachment of the cords closer together

44
Q

Intrinsic Muscles involved in ADDUCTION

- Result of adduction

A
  1. Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
    - Make the voice quieter - only ones that allow whispering
    - Rotates around the superior-inferior axis
  2. Arytenoid muscles
    - Make the voice quieter < closing the rima glottis
45
Q

Intrinsic Muscles involved in ABDUCTION

  • Result of abduction
  • Used
A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
- Abducts vocal cords = make the voice LOUDER by opening the rima glottis
Used: deep inspiration

46
Q

Spread of supra-glottis tumours

A

Drain to superior deep cervical nodes

47
Q

Presentation of glottic tumours

A

Present on cords - 95% stay on cords

48
Q

Spread of sub-glottic tumours

A

Drain to paratracheal nodes

49
Q

Nerve supply of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

- Branches

A

CN X
Cricothyroid - external laryngeal nerve
All others - inferior laryngeal nerve

50
Q

Course of the inferior laryngeal nerve

A

Starts as left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Becomes inferior laryngeal nerve at the level of cricothyroid joint

51
Q

Supply of the Laryngeal Mucosa
Above fold -
Below fold -

A

Above fold - internal laryngeal nerve

Below fold - inferior laryngeal nerve

52
Q

Galen’s Anastamosis

A

= connection between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the internal laryngeal nerve
- Here the recurrent laryngeal –> internal laryngeal

53
Q

Vestibule

A

= area between the teeth and lips

54
Q

Major Salivary Glands (3)

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

55
Q

Parotid Gland and Duct

- Route of Duct

A

Gland - not normally palpable, sits on top of masseter muscle

Route of Duct: crosses masseter, pierces through buccinator, opens on the parotid papilla

56
Q

Submandibular Gland and Duct

- Route of Duct

A
  • Normally palpable

Route of Duct: deep to the mucosa of the floor of the mouth, opens on to the sublingual papilla
- Has deep and superficial section

57
Q

Sublingual Gland

- Location of Duct

A

Found deep to mucosa of the floor of the mouht

Duct: found in the sublingual folds

58
Q

Chorda Tympani

  • Origins
  • Course
A

Branch of CN VII

- Joins with lingual branch of CN V3 and travels with the branch

59
Q

Nerve Supply of Salivary Glands

- Exception

A

CN VII - sublingual and submandibular nerve

Exception: does not supply parotid gland
Travels through parotid gland

Parotid Gland Innervation: CN IX
Joins with auriculotemporal branch of branch of CN V3

60
Q

Anterior Tongue

  • General Sensory Supply
  • Special Sensory Supply
A

General - CN V3

Special - CN VII

61
Q

Posterior Tongue

- General and Sensory Supply

A

= CN IX

62
Q

Foramen Caecum

A

Origin of the thyroid gland which descends through the the thyroglossal duct

63
Q

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles

  • Names
  • Function
A

Function - work to hold tongue in cavity, change position of the tongue

Names: palatoglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus (genoid tubercle)

64
Q

Genoid tubercle

A

Feature of the mandible

65
Q

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

  • Number of Pairs
  • Function
A

4 pairs

Function: located dorsally, work to modify the shape of the tongue during function

ENT (2 decks)

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