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x1 - Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the heart in the mediastinum

A

Middle mediastinum, within the fibrous pericardium.

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2
Q

Layers of the heart wall

Inner –> Outer

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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3
Q

Endocardium composition

A 
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
sitting on
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
sitting on
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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4
Q

Endocardium Function/Location

A

Lines heart chambers,

Forms valves

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5
Q

Myocardium composition

A

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

Myocardium fibre orientation

A

Muscle bundles are orientated in different planes to be able to close down on the chamber lumen

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7
Q

Epicardium Composition

A 
(nearest to pericardial cavity)
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM*
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(nearest to myocardium)

Contains main branches of coronary arteries

*= visceral layer of serous pericardium

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8
Q

Blood enters the coronary arteries during…

A

Diastole - when myocardium relaxes.

at systole the openings are shielded by aortic valve cusps

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9
Q

Basic structure of a blood vessel

layers inside –> outside

A

Tunica intima,
Tunica media,
Tunica adventitia/externa

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10
Q

Tunica intima composition

A

Simple squamous epithelium,
Basement membrane,
Connective tissue

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11
Q

Tunica media composition

A

Smooth muscle,

Elastic tissue

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12
Q

Tunical adventitia/ externa composition

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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13
Q

Structure of elastic arteries

A

Many layers/ laminae of elastic fibres in T. media.

Thick T. intima
Thinner T. adventitia

Conducting arteries

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14
Q

Structure of muscular arteries

A

Thick T. media with much smooth muscle
Thick T. adeventitia (w/ vasa vasorum)

Elastic fibres concentrated in the internal and external elastic laminae (very prominent)

Distributing arteries

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15
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

No elastic fibres.

1-2 layers smooth muscle in T. media.

Rich sympathetic nerve innervation ( to regulate regional distribution of blood)

No T. adventitia

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16
Q

General structure of capillaries

A

Very thin walled, only T. intima.

Pericytes (incomplete layer of contractile cells surrounding BM that control flow)

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17
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Material must pass through/ between cells or in selective transport mechanisms.
Can control what is exchanged.

e.g. in muscle

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18
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Have fenestrations (pores).

sometimes have protein diaphragms that can filter molecules by M/W or charge

e.g. endocrine glands, kidney renal corpuscle

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19
Q

Discontinuous capillaries

A

Have gaps between endothelial cells and basement membrane cells (allows free passage of fluids and cells)

e.g. liver, spleen, bone marrow

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20
Q

Sinusoids

A

Large diameter discontinuous capillaries used for large amounts of exchange.

T. intima contains phagocytic cells.

e.g. liver, some endocrine glands

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21
Q

Structure of veins

A

Thin T. intima.
IEL, OEL and T. media thin or absent.
Thick T. adventitia = collagenous tissue.
Valves to prevent backflow

thicker wall in more superficial veins as no surrounding support.

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22
Q

Arteriovenous shunts

A

Vessels that bypass capillary beds.

E.g. in skin for thermoregulation.

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23
Q

Posterior border of the superior mediastinum

A

T1 - T4

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24
Q

Surface marking of apex beat

A

5th intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line

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25
Q

Heart chamber at the right border

A

Right Atrium

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26
Q

Heart chamber at left border

A

Left Ventricle

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27
Q

Heart chamber at inferior border

A

Right Ventricle

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28
Q

Heart chambers at superior border

A

Left and Right Atria

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29
Q

Heart chamber forming the anterior/sternocostal surface

A

Right Ventricle

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30
Q

Heart chamber forming posterior surface/ base of heart

A

Left atrium

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31
Q

Heart chamber forming inferior/ diaphragmatic surface of heart

A

Left ventricle

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32
Q

The heart is anterior to which vertebrae

A

T5 - T8

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33
Q

Vertebral level of the aortic arch

A

T4

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34
Q

Vertebral level of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

+what does it form

A

L4

Forms the common iliac arteries

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35
Q

Vertebral level of the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries
+what do they form

A

L5

Forms the internal and external iliac arteries

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36
Q

Branches of the descending thoracic aorta

A

Bronchial arteries,
Oesophageal arteries,
Pericardial arteries,
Posterior intercostal arteries*

*Only these are identifiable

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37
Q

Tributaries of the superior vena cava

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins,

Azygous vein

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38
Q

Tributaries of the inferior vena cava

A

Left and right common iliac veins

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39
Q

Branches of the aortic arch

ascending to descending

A
  1. Bracheocephalic artery/trunk
    (splits into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries)
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
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40
Q

Hemiazygous vein drains into the azygous vein at vertebral level

A

T8/9

hemiazygous comes from the left

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41
Q

Name progression of main artery in arm

A

Subclavian,
Axillary,
Brachial,
Radial + Ulnar

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42
Q

The subclavian artery becomes the axilla at…

A

The lateral border of the 1st rib

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43
Q

The brachial artery bifurcates at the…

A

cubital fossa (inside elbow)

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44
Q

Ultimate venous drainage of the limbs

A

Superficial veins drain into deep veins and then into the inferior/ superior vena cava

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45
Q

The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of the foot…

where it can be palpated

A

inferior to the medial malleolus

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46
Q

Layers covering the heart

inside to outside

A

Visceral serous pericardium (epicardium),

(pericardial cavity)

Parietal serous pericardium,
Fibrous pericardium

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47
Q

Protective role of the fibrous pericardium

A

Prevents the heart from overfilling with blood

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48
Q

Innervation of the parietal serous and fibrous pericardium

A

Phrenic nerve

+ pain fibres

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49
Q

Autonomic + sensory innervation of the visceral pericardium and heart wall

(nerves and route)

A

Motor fibres travel via the cardiac plexus to…
Spinal cord segments T1 - T4 (sympathetic)*
+ vagus nerve (parasympathetic)

Where they innervate the AV and SA node

(*Sensory and pain fibres from the heart travel back to spinal cord levels T1-T4 in these sympathetic fibres)

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50
Q

Function of the auricles

A

Increase capacity of the atria

51
Q

Thicker ventricular wall

A

Left = 3x thicker

52
Q

Moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum) function

A

Caries part of the right branch of the bundle of His to the anterior papillary muscle on the anterior wall of the right ventricle

53
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Muscular columns on the walls of the ventricles.
e.g. moderator band, papillary muscles (many are just ridges).
Prevent suction that would occur with a flat surface and impair the heart’s function.

54
Q

Musculi pectinati

A

Ridges of muscle in the atrial walls.

LA: few, small, on the inside of the auricle.
RA: inside of auricle and on the lateral wall from the crista terminalis

55
Q

Crista terminalis

A

A vertical smooth muscular ridge on the lateral wall of the right atrium.
Connects the right sides of the orifices for the SVC and IVC.
The origin of the musculi pectinati

56
Q

Function of the papillary muscles

A

contract to prevent inversion of the valves into the atria on systole.

57
Q

Function of chordae tendineae

A

Connect papillary muscles to valve cusps

58
Q

Arteries in the coronary/ atrioventricular sulcus

A

Right coronary artery and circumflex

59
Q

Arteries in the interventricular sulcus

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular arteries

60
Q

The right coronary artery supplies…

A

Right Atrium,
Right Ventricle,
AV node + Bundle of His,
SA node (sometimes)

61
Q

The left coronary artery supplies…

A

Both Ventricles,
Interventricular septum,
Left Atrium,
SA node (usually)

62
Q

Venae cordis minimae

A

Small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

63
Q

Lymphatics from the heart drain to…

nodes, location + return to venous circulation

A

TRACHEOBRONCHIAL nodes* (at bifurcation of the trachea)
Bronchopulmonary nodes* (at hilum of each lung)
Paratracheal nodes* (at sides of trachea)

Drained in bronchomediastinal trunks

*These are all mediastinal lymph nodes

64
Q

Aortic sinuses

A

dilatations between the wall of the ascending aorta and the cusps of the aortic valve.
Left and right aortic sinuses give rise to the left and right coronary arteries

65
Q

Location of the sino-atrial node

A

In the right atrium, near the opening of the SVC

66
Q

Location of the atrioventricular (AV) node

A

The inferior interatrial septum

67
Q

location of the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)

A

Within each side of the interventricular septum

68
Q

Valves in veins are formed from…

A

the tunica intima

69
Q

Main pulse points in the upper limb

A

Brachial,

Radial

70
Q

Main pulse points in the lower limb

A

Femoral,
Popiteal,
Posterior tibial,
Dorsalis pedis

71
Q

Location to palpate the brachial pulse

A

Halfway down the medial side of the arm,

Midway between the anterior and posterior muscle compartments

72
Q

location to palpate the radial pulse

A

In front of the distal end of the radius

73
Q

Location to palpate the femoral pulse

A

Mid-inguinal point:

Halfway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine.

74
Q

Location to palpate the popliteal pulse

A

Popliteal fossa

75
Q

Location to palpate the dorsalis pedis

A

Just lateral to the extensor tendon of the great toe

76
Q

Main pulse points in the neck

A

Subclavian,

Carotid

77
Q

Location to palpate the carotid pulse

A

Upper neck,
Between the sternomastoid and trachea
At the level of cricoid cartilage

78
Q

Location to palpate the subclavian pulse

A

Against 1st rib

79
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Branches of the vagus nerve that travel to the cardiac plexus and supply the larynx

LEFT: branches off at the aortic arch
RIGHT: branches off at the right subclavian artery

80
Q

Attachments of the fibrous pericardium

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm,
The adventitia of all the great vessels (except IVC),
The sternopericardial ligaments

81
Q

Veins used for venepuncture and cannulation

A

Medial cubital vein - becomes more prominent by compressing veins proximal to it

82
Q

Divisions of the mediastinum

A

SUPERIOR

INFERIOR:

  • anterior
  • middle (heart, pericardium + great vessels)
  • posterior
83
Q

The brachial plexus

A

A network of nerves formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 - T1
Located in the axilla

84
Q

Right anterior supply and drainage of the thorax

sequence of vessels

A 
Aorta,
Brachiocephalic branch,
Right subclavian artery,
Right internal thoracic artery,
Right anterior intercostal arteries
Right anterior intercostal veins,
Right iInternal thoracic vein,
Right subclavian vein,
Right brachiocephalic vein,
SVC
85
Q

Left posterior supply and drainage of the thorax

sequence of vessels

A

Aorta,
Left posterior intercostal arteries,

Left posterior intercostal veins,
Hemizygous and accessory hemizygous veins,
Azygous vein,
SVC

86
Q

Right posterior supply and drainage of the thorax

sequence of vessels

A

Aorta,
Right posterior intercostal arteries,

Right posterior intercostal veins,
Azygous vein,
SVC

87
Q

Left anterior supply and drainage of the thorax

Sequence of vessels

A

Aorta,
Left subclavian artery,
Left internal thoracic artery,
Left anterior intercostal arteries,

Left anterior intercostal veins
Left interior thoracic vein,
Left brachiocephalic vein
SVC

88
Q

Veins of the upper limb

A

Cephalic (lateral side)
Basilic (medial side)
Median Cubital (connects them)

89
Q

Arterial supply of the lower limb

A

External iliac –> (Deep femoral) + superficial femoral

Superficial femoral –> Popliteal

Popliteal –> Anterior + Posterior tibial

Anterior tibial artery –> Dorsalis pedis

90
Q

Superficial veins of the lower limb

A 
Great saphenous (medial)
Small saphenous (posterior)
91
Q

Venous drainage of the lower limb

A

Small saphenous + posterior tibial –> Popliteal

Popliteal + Great saphenous–> Femoral

Femoral –> External iliac

92
Q

Cardiac vein accompanying the marginal artery

A

Small cardiac vein

93
Q

Veins and arteries in the anterior interventricular groove

A

Great cardiac vein

Anterior interventricular artery

94
Q

Veins and arteries in the posterior interventricular groove

A

Middle cardiac artery

posterior interventricular artery

95
Q

Veins and arteries in the coronary sulcus

A

Right coronary artery
Circumflex artery
Coronary sinus

96
Q

Coronary sinus drains into…

A

The right atrium

97
Q

Posterior border of the inferior mediastinum

A

T5 - T12

98
Q

Plane separating the superior and inferior mediastinum

A

Sternomanubrial plane

99
Q

Location of the thymus

A

Anterior mediastinum

involutes (decreases in size and functional activity) after puberty

100
Q

Position of the azygous vein

A

Immediately to the right of the descending thoracic aorta

101
Q

Position of the thoracic duct

A

On the vertebral bodies, between the azygous vein and the descending thoracic aorta

102
Q

Origin of the thoracic duct

A

At L1 as cisterna chyli

103
Q

The thoracic duct drains into

A

the medial end of the left subclavian vein

at its junction with the left internal jugular vein

104
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains into

A

The medial end of the right subclavian vein

at its junction with the right internal jugular vein

105
Q

Where does the popliteal artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

A

Lower border of the popliteus muscle

106
Q

Heart chamber forming the apex of the heart

A

left ventricle

107
Q

Number of papillary muscles in the right ventricle

A

3,

To connect to 3 valve cusps of the tricuspid valve

108
Q

Number of papillary muscles in the left ventricle

A

2

To connect to 2 valve cusps of the mitral valve

109
Q

location within the heart of the coronary arteries

A

Initially distributed embedded within the epicardium.

Then pierce the myocardium and give off branches that surround each myocyte

110
Q

Location of the cardiac plexus

A

Bifurcation of the trachea

111
Q

rib levels of the pericardial sac

A

rib 2 - 6

112
Q

Borders of the base of the heart

A 
Superior = bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk
Inferior = coronary sulcus
113
Q

Heart chamber forming the left pulmonary surface

A

Left ventricle

114
Q

Heart chamber forming the right pulmonary surface

A

Right atrium

115
Q

Superior border of the heart

surface anatomy

A

inferior border of the 2nd, left costal cartilage

to superior border of the 3rd, right costal cartilage

116
Q

Right border of the heart

surface anatomy

A

3rd right costal cartilage
to 6th right costal cartilage
(slightly convex)

117
Q

Inferior border of the heart

surface anatomy

A

6th right costal cartilage

to 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

118
Q

Left border of the heart

surface anatomy

A

5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

to inferior border of the 2nd, left costal cartilage

119
Q

Aortic valve auscultation site

A

2nd intercostal space

Right of the sternal border

120
Q

Pulmonary valve auscultation site

A

2nd intercostal space

Left of the sternal border

121
Q

Tricuspid valve auscultation site

A

5th/6th intercostal space

Near left sternal border

122
Q

Mitral valve auscultation site

A

5th intercostal space

Left midclavicular line

123
Q

Location to palpate the abdominal aorta

A

Just above and very slightly to the left of the umbilicus

x1 - Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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