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Endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the pancreas embryologically?

A

The endoderm.
2 buds extend from the primitive duodenum at the junction of the foregut and midgut and fuse to form the pancreas and biliary system.

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2
Q

What cells in the islets of langerhans produce what hormone?

A

B: Insulin
A: Glucagon
D: Somatostatin.

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3
Q

What forms the adrenal glands embyologically?

A

Cortex: Mesodermal from urogenital ridge.
Medulla: Derived from ectodermal neural crest cells as it is part of sympathetic NS.

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4
Q

Describe general anatomy of the adrenal glands?

A 
Paired organ
Retroperitoneal
5-8g
Superior to kidney 
Anatomically and functionally divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla.
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5
Q

Name and describe the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa: Outer, produces aldosterone, discontinuous. Cells are arranged in ball shapes.

Zona Fasiculata: 80% of cortex, cytoplasm is lipid rich, makes glucocoritcoids and androgens. Cells are arranged as columns and capillaries run between plates.

Zona Reticularis: Network of cells.

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6
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Part of sympathetic NS and produces adrenaline and noradrenaline (5:1).
Part of fight or flight response.

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7
Q

What suspends the pituitary gland?

A

A stalk called the infundibulum?

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8
Q

Describe the location of the pituitary gland?

A

In a depression of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica.

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9
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary.

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11
Q

What is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

A dorsal outgrowth of the pharynx (endoderm).

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12
Q

What is the embryological origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

The diencephlon (neuroectoderm).

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13
Q

Name the cell types of the anterior pituitary, what they secrete and what is the function?

A
  • Somatotophs - growth homone (targets body tissue to increase protein synthesis and cartilage growth etc).
  • Lactotrophs - prolactin (targets breast for lactogenesis).
  • Thyrotrophs - Thyroid stimulating homone (Acts on follicular cells to produce T3/4.
  • Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH (act on gonads for follicle maturation/stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone).
  • Corticotrophs - Adenocorticotrophin(acts on adrenal cortex to cause cortisol synthesis), lipotropin and melanocyte stimulating hormone.
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14
Q

Which cells in the ant pit are acidophils/basophils?

A

Acidophils - lactotrophs and somatotrophs (stain lighter)

Basophils - thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and corticotrophs.

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15
Q

Describe the general structure of the anterior pituitary?

A

Irregular cords of secretory cells with fenstrated capillaries to allow rapid transport and exchange of blood/hormone passage to the hypophysealportalsystem.

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16
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH and Oxytocin.

17
Q

What forms the thyroid gland embryologically? When does this occur?

A

It is an endodermal downgrowth of the thyroglossal duct from the foramen caecum posterior to the tongue.
Happens week 5-7.

18
Q

What connects the 2 lateral lobes of the thyroid?

A

The isthmus.

19
Q

Describe the CT covering of the thyroid.

A

Has a collagenous capsule which projects inwards to form septa seperating lobes to lobules. The septa has blood vessels.

20
Q

What cell type is found in the thyroid follicular cells?

A

Simple cuboidal when inactive, but become columnar when active.

21
Q

What is found in the lumen of a thyroid follicle?

A

Colloid which contains thyroglobulin.

22
Q

What other cell type is found in the thyroid gland? What is its function?

A

Parafollicular C cells around the follicle.

They secrete calcitonin which acts to lower blood calcium (stimulates osteoblasts, renal secretion).

23
Q

Describe arterial supply to the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid from the external carotid.

Inferior thyroid from the thyrocervical trunk from the subclavian artery.

24
Q

Describe venous drainage of the thyroid?

A

Superior and middle thyroid veins to the IJV.

Inferior thyroid veins to the brachiocephalic vein.

25
Q

Describe the location of the parathyroid glands?

A

2 superior and 2 inferior glands on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.

26
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands derived from embryologically?

A

Superior: 4th brachial cleft and descend with thyroid.
Inferior: 3rd brachial cleft and descend with thymus.

27
Q

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries.

28
Q

Venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?

A

Parathyroid veins to thyroid plexus.

29
Q

Name the cell types of the parathyroid glands and their function?

A

Cheif cells: Contains PTH granules to increase serum calcium.
Oxyphil cells:
Water-clear cells: Cheif cells with pools of glycogen.

30
Q

What nerves run behind the thyroid gland?

A

External laryngeal

Recurrant laryngeal.

Endocrine (11 decks)

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