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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior / Posterior

A

The sternum is anterior to the heart (so anterior also means “in front of”). The heart also has an anterior surface.

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2
Q

Superior / Inferior

A

Superior refers to upward surfaces, inferior refers to downward surfaces.

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3
Q

Medial / Lateral

A

Medial means towards the midline or towards the median plane, whereas lateral means away from the midline or away from the median plane.

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4
Q

Proximal / Distal

A

Proximal means towards the point of attachment of the limb to the body, whereas distal means farther away from the point of attachment.

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5
Q

Frontal Plane

A

The frontal (coronal) plane is vertical and extends from one side of the body to the other. AP Axis

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6
Q

Transverse Plane

A

The transverse (horizontal) plane is horizontal and divides the body into upper and lower segments. Horizontal Axis

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7
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

The sagittal (median) plane is vertical and extends from the front of the body to the back. Longitudinal Axis

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8
Q

GENERAL RULE FOR DESCRIBING A BODY MOVEMENT

A

The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement.

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9
Q

Flexion

A

is the action of bending at a joint such that the joint angle decreases (e.g., when you bend your elbow to bring your palm up towards your face)

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10
Q

Extension

A

is the opposite of flexion

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11
Q

Abduction

A

(“ab” = “from”) is when you move a body segment to the side and away from your body (e.g., moving your arm out to the side and bringing it level with your shoulder)

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12
Q

Adduction

A

(“ad” = “to”) is the opposite of abduction.

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13
Q

Plantar flexion

A

is specific to the ankle joint. It occurs when you point your toes (e.g., when you stand on your tip toes)

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14
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

occurs when you bend the ankle to bring the top of your foot closer to your shin.

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15
Q

Supination

A

is rotating the wrist such that the palm of your hand is facing forward (e.g., when you catch a softball underhanded with one hand)

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16
Q

Pronation

A

occurs in the opposite direction

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17
Q

Inversion

A

is associated with the ankle joint. It is a result of standing on the outer edge of your foot (e.g., when you twist your ankle)

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18
Q

Eversion

A

is a result of standing on the inner edge of your foot

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19
Q

External rotation

A

results when you twist or turn a body part outward from the midline (eg., turning your toes outward)

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20
Q

Internal rotation

A

results when you twist or turn a body part inward towards the midline.

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21
Q

Elevation

A

refers to movement in an upwards direction (e.g., hunching your shoulders)

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22
Q

Depression

A

is the opposite motion—movement in a downwards direction (e.g., slouching your shoulders)

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23
Q

Circumduction

A

is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. An example of this movement is when a softball pitcher throws a ball with a “windmill” action.

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24
Q

Cancellous bone

A

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone

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25
Compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
26
functions of bone
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
27
bone
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates
28
Ossification
converting tissue to bone
29
Needed for bone health
vitamin D and sunlight
30
What is the function of an osteoblast? Osteocyte? Osteoclast?
Osteoblast - Bone building Osteocyte - building blocks Bone maintance Osteoclast - reabsorb bone, Bone destroying (Breakdown releases Calcium)
31
What is the difference between an epiphyseal plate and an epiphyseal line?
The Epiphyseal plate contains cartilage used for producing bone. • The Epiphyseal line is formed after the epiphyseal plate has stopped producing bone.
32
Landmark
a ridge, bump, groove, depression, or prominence on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures.
33
Primary Ossification
(Intramembranous ossification) * The development of the shaft (Diaphysis) of each bone. * This is the way Short & Irregular bones develop completely. * Connective tissue turning into bone
34
Secondary Ossification
* The process of lengthening Long bones in the Epiphysis. * Epiphyseal Plate (Growth Plate) is where the ossification happens. * Once growth has stopped the epiphyseal plates ossify and are called epiphyseal lines.
35
Types of Bone
* Long bones are found in the arms and legs * Short bones are most common in the wrists and ankles * Flat bones are flat and thin and are found in the roof of the skull. * Irregular bones include odd-looking bones such as the sphenoid bone or vertebrae. * Sesamoid bones are unusual, small, flat bones wrapped within tendons that move over bony surfaces
36
Axial Skeleton
head, spine and ribs
37
Appendicular Skeleton
everything else
38
Osteoporosis
A degenerative condition that involves low bone mass as well as a deterioration of the bone tissue...to avoid it: * Balanced diet rich in Calcium and Vit D * Weight bearing exercise * No smoking or excessive alcohol * Bone density testing after 40 (5-10% loss per decade after 40)
39
Cartilage
flexible connective tissue, wraps epiphysis of long bones
40
Types of joints
* Fibrous joints * Cartilaginous joints • Synovial joints
41
Synovial joint characteristic: Articular Cartilage
* located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another * protects ends of bones by reducing friction
42
Synovial joint characteristic: Bursa
* the small fluid sacs found at the friction points
43
Synovial joint characteristic: Tendon
* attaches muscle to bone * Located on each end of skeletal muscles and cross a joint to attach to the bones
44
Synovial joint characteristic: Joint Capsule
* consists of the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
45
Synovial joint characteristic: Intrinsic Ligament
* thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule.
46
Synovial joint characteristic: Extrinsic Ligament
* separate from the joint capsule and help to reinforce the joint.
47
Synovial joint characteristic: Joint Cavity
* is filled with synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant for the joint.
48
Ligaments vs. Tendons
L- bone to bone T- muscle to bone
49
Separations vs Dislocations
Separations- fibrous ligaments tear Dislocations- bone displaced form location
50
Osteoarthritis
* Wear and tear on articular cartilage on ends of bones * Joint pain, stiffness, leading to restricted mobility * irreversible treatments involve pain meds and joint replacements
51
Cartilage Damage
* Common in need among athletes where vigorous lateral movement and contact is common * Joint pain, swelling, clicking or grinding sensation, joint locking * Arthroscopic procedure where small incisions are made to assess damage with microscopic camera
52
Sprains, Tears and Pulls
First Degree: minimal swelling and pain Second Degree: partially torn ligaments, bruising, swelling and pain Third Degree: entire ligament is completely or mostly torn
53
Shoulder joint- dislocation
Description: Where bone is displaced from her original location Signs/Symptoms: pain and inability to move, numbness, square appearance of joint Treatment/Prevention: seek medical attention
54
Knee joint - Osgood-Schlatter
Description: epiphyseal growth plate over used and patellar tendon stress Signs/Symptoms: swelling, growing pains Treatment/Prevention: PIER and physio
55
Knee joint - patellofemoral syndrome
Description: overuse of the knee as a result of increased and misdirected forces between the knee and femur Signs/Symptoms: anterior knee pain or pain around patella Treatment/Prevention: PIER, professional medical aid
56
Knee joint - ligament tear/ACL
Description: from a lateral blow to the knee, first joint capsule, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and ACL Signs/Symptoms: pain, swelling, and bruising Treatment/Prevention: see a doctor, physiotherapy
57
Ankle joint - inversion sprain
Description: weakest when plantar flexed and does not return to original position, inverted past range of motion Signs/Symptoms: pain and swelling all over lateral ligaments Treatment/Prevention: depends on severity and PIER
58
Ankle joint - eversion sprain
Description: Pott's fracture break of the tip of medial malleolus and break of fibula Signs/Symptoms: pain, swelling and bruising Treatment/Prevention: cast for 8 to 12 weeks, physiotherapy
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PIER
Pressure Ice for the first 48 hours Elevation, injured body part higher than heart Rest, activities put on hold
60
Major functions of muscles
1. Movement 2. Support 3. Heat production
61
Sacromere
* Contractile unit of skeletal muscle fiber * Made of thin actin and thick myosin filaments
62
Sliding Filament Theory
1. Motor Unit relays message from brain down axon releasing ACh (acetylchonline) 2. Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft and depolarizes muscle cell (Action Potential) 3. ACh causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Calcium ions 4. Calcium attaches to toponin located on Actin (thin filaments attached to Z lines) uncovering the binding site 5. Myosin heads attach to binding sites on Actin 6. ATP broken down to cause a power stroke sliding the Acton along the myosin filament = Contraction! 7. Once message stops Calcium goes back into Sarcoplasmic reticulm and muscle relaxes
63
Orgin
Least moveable part, proximal attachment, often on the axial skeleton
64
Insertion
Most moveable part, distal attachment, often on the appendicular skeleton
65
Funciton
action/motion, what muscle does when activated
66
Types of Muscle Contraction
Concentric: Muscle Shortens while contracting (raising weight in bicep curl) Eccentric: Muscle lengthens while contracting (lowering weight in bicep curl) Isometric: No movement at the joint while muscle contracts (carrying something)
67
Muscle Contraction During Exercise
* Isotonic Exercise: No staying still (pushups, pullups, squats) * Isometric Exercise: No Moving (plank, wall chair hold) * Isokinetic Exercise: Only in a Kin Lab
68
All or none principal
the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus
69
Muscle Twitch
A single nervous impulse and the resulting contraction
70
Agonist Muscle
The muscle that contracts to cause the movement
71
Antagonist Muscle
The muscle that must relax to allow for movement
72
Antagonistic Pairs Examples
1. Bicep & Tricep - bicep curls 2. Quadricep & Hamstring - butt kicks 3. Abs & Lower back - sit up

Kinesiology (7 decks)

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