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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

components of the temporal bone (4)

A

squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic.

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2
Q

name the prominence of the superior semicircular canal on the middle fossa floor

A

arcuate eminence

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3
Q

Potential paths of tumor spread from EAC (3)

A

Bony-cartilaginous junction, the foramen of Huschke (to infratemporal region and deep lobe of parotid), and the fissures of Santorini (to superficial lobe of parotid).

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4
Q

Middle ear landmarks of the facial nerve (3)

A

Cochleariform process, the oval window, and the pyramidal eminence

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5
Q

What is the most vulnerable portion of the ossicular chain

A

long process of the incus, because has a single nutrient vessel and lacks collateral circulation

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6
Q

Where is the supratubal recess located

A

At the anterior extreme of the attic and superior to

the opening of the eustachian tube

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7
Q

Importance of supratubal recess

A

It is the site in which cholesteatoma or blind surgical dissection can injure the facial nerve. The geniculate ganglion is located just deep to its medial wall and may be dehiscent.

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8
Q

Why is the labyrinthine segment of facial so vulnerable to injury (3)

A
  1. watershed vertebrobasilar/external carotid circulation,
  2. narrow bony canal,
  3. proximity to the genicular ganglion where herpetic infections and traumatic distortion may produce nerve swelling and entrapment
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9
Q

Wha is used as a surface landmark that

estimates the location of the middle fossa floor?

A

Temporal line, located about 5 mm inferior to the lowest level of the middle fossa floor.

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10
Q

the jugular foramen is formed by

A

petrous and occipital bones

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11
Q

parts of jugular foramen and who separates them

A

Pars venosa (ant) and pars nervosa (post). Separated by jugular spine

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12
Q

What marks the superiormost limit of the jugular foramen?

A

The cochlear aqueduct, medial to jugular spine and opens into the scala tympani at the cochlear base

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13
Q

What CN enters adjacent to the opening of the cochlear aqueduct?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

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14
Q

where does the Jacobson’s nerve come from?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve

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15
Q

What separates the carotid from the jugular bulb?

A

the Keel

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16
Q

a landmark for the main trunk of the facial nerve as it exits the temporal bone

A

tympanomastoid suture line

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17
Q

Blood supply of the external ear

A

posterior auricular and superficial temporal vessels fro external carotid

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18
Q

Hillocks of His derivates from 1rt branchial arch

A

tragus and helix. Auriculotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

hillocks of His derivates from 2nd branchial arch

A

antihelix, antitragus, lobule, and

inferior helix. Cutaneous branch of the facial nerve

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20
Q

Layers of the tympanic membrane (4)

A

skin (ectoderm)
outer radidated fibrous layer (manubrium inserts)
deeper circular fibrous layer (mesoderm)
Middle ear mucosa (endoderm)

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21
Q

where is the sinus tympani

A

a recess that lies posterior to the oval and round windows, and medial to the vertical facial nerve.

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22
Q

Importance of sinus tympani

A

may have occult cholesteatoma

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23
Q

structure attached to the pyramid eminence, where is located

A

Stapedial tendon and just anterior to the second genu of the facial nerve

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24
Q

divisions of the epitympanum (3)

A

(1) Prussak’s space, medial to pars flaccida and
lateral to the head and neck of the malleus;
(2)anterior compartment to the malleus;
(3) the posterior compartment, which communicates with the antrum

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25
VII CN General visceral efferent fibers (3)
1. nervus intermedius: lacrimal gland 2. greater superficial petrosal nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion: seromucious glands in nose 3. chorda tympani and the submandibular ganglion: Submandibular and sublingual glands
26
VII CN special sensory fibers
Chorda tympani--taste: anterior two thirds of the tongue greater superficial petrosal nerve--tonsillar fossae and palate
27
VII CN somatic sensory fibers
sensation to touch of the EAC and conchal skin of the auricle
28
VII CN special visceral efferent fibers
facial expression, the stapedius muscle, stylohoid | muscle, and posterior belly of the digastric
29
How is the cochlea organized?
Tonotopically, low freq in apex and high in base
30
Describe afferent auditory neurons
Bipolar, body in spiral ganglion and connect the hair cells to the central auditory system.
31
Name of bone that allows the auditory nerve fibers from the IAC to the hair cell synapse
Modiolus -core of the cochlea-
32
what does divide the spiral lamina?
``` partial division of upper and lower cochlear chambers: Scala vestibuli (upper) and scala tympani (lower) ```
33
Which scala does the round window go?
marking entrance to scala tympani of cochlea; vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering inner ear through oval window; allows fluid in cochlea to move ensuring that hair cells of basilar membrane will be stimulated for audition.
34
stapedius muscle
1:2 tympanic muscles of ear; attached to the stapes & pulls stapes posteriorly to tighten ossicular chain with contraction of tensor tympani muscle to reduce range of movement of tympanic membrane & transmission of lower frequency sounds
35
tensor tympani muscle
2:2 tympanic muscles of ear; extends from anterior wall of middle ear space; inserts into upper manubrium of malleus; contracts to pull malleus anteromedially; contracts with stapedius muscle to reduce range of movement of tympanic membrane & transmission of lower frequency sounds
36
utricle
w/in vestibular system 2:2 larger compartments (1:2 saccule; 2:2 utricle); filled with small stones, otolyths, & fluid used to stimulate hair cells inside compartments; responsible for detecting acceleration of the head in a particular direction by detecting displacement of fluid
37
saccule
w/in vestibular system 1:2 larger compartments (1:2 saccule; 2:2 utricle); filled with small stones otolyths & fluid used to stimulate hair cells inside compartments; responsible for detecting acceleration of the head in a particular direction by detecting displacement of fluid
38
scala vestibuli
1:3 inner chambers of cochlea spiral; filled with perilymph; separated from scala media by Reissner's membrane; extends from vestibule of the ear to helicotrema where it joins scala tympani
39
scala tympani
3:3 inner chambers of cochlea spiral; filled with perilymph; separated from scala media by basilar membrane; ends at round window & basil end; meets with scala vestibuli at the helicotrema at apex of cochlea
40
osseous spiral lamina
thin bony shelf that winds around modiolus like thread of a screw; projects halfway across cochlear canal; creates division of scala vestibuli & scala tympani; forms point of attachment for scala media
41
scala media
membranous labyrinth of cochlea; resides between scala vestibule & scala tympani; houses organ of corti: center organ of hearing & tectorial membrane; filled with endolymph; also called cochlear duct
42
cochlear duct contents
Reissner's membrane, basilar membrane, organ of Corti, outer hair cells, inner hair cells, spiral limbus, tectorial membrane, stereocilia, traveling wave
43
organ of Corti
organ of hearing; resides on basilar membrane within scala media; contains 1 row of inner hair cells & 3 rows of outer hair cells
44
outer hair cells
3 rows of hair cells w/in organ of Corti; stereocilia on top of hair cells are embedded into the tectorial membrane; send Fz to CN VIII when bent from sound wave
45
inner hair cells
1 row separated from outer hair cells by tunnel of Corti; multiple nerves are attached to each hair cell; not embedded in tectorial membrane
46
tectorial membrane
overlays stereocilia of organ of Corti; originates at spiral limbus; stimulated by wave of endolymph fluid within scala media & moves stereocilia of outer hair cells embedded in it & creates enough movement to stimulate inner hair cells
47
traveling wave
wave action of basilar membrane; when basilar membrane moves, it creates a travelling wave along and within basilar membrane; wave is strongest where perilymph wave of the scala vestibuli reached its peak
48
Vestibulocochlear nerve
CN VIII auditory nerve; extends from brainstem into cochlea; tons and tons of nerve fibers extend from CN VIII to innervate inner and outer hair cells; 10 CN VIII nerve fibers to 1 inner hair cell & 10 outer hair cells to 1 CN VIII nerve fibers; Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor); stereocilia bend away from modiolus, release of glutamate; accumulation of glutamate leads to neural firing
49
selective enhancement
strengthening of some Hz's of incoming signal and weakening or dampening other Hz; select energy at resonant frequency of chamber: reject energy at other frequencies & boosts strength of signal through resonance at resonant frequency; pinna & external auditory meatus amplify frequencies between 1,500Hz and 8,000Hz same as speech Hz; amplifies ~ 20dB; passive enhancement
50
resonant frequency
frequency of stimulation to which a resonant system responds most vigorously, depending on the shape of system
51
impedance matching
middle ear mechanism increasing pressure of signal arriving to cochlea to counter act loss of spl when energy converts from air to physical to fluid based
52
shearing action
outer hair cells' stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane are bent
53
superior olivary complex
SOC; 2nd step of afferent process for 2:3 pathways from CN (1 bipasses SOC to IC); locates sound origin: 1) measures time difference in sound arrival btwn ears; 2) measures amplitude difference btwn ears
54
IC; 2nd & 3rd step of afferent information; crossover to opposite sides of CNS; re-integration of information;
Inferior colliculus
55
medial geniculate body
MGB; 4th step of afferent acoustic information; located in thalamus; projects information to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
56
cerebral cortex
final afferent destination of acoustic information; within in temporal lobe; houses Heschl's gyrus: primary reception of acoustic information; also tonotopic mapping;
57
3 functions of outer ear
1) collect sound; 2) boost frequencies 1,500 - 8,000Hz; 3) boost intensity of these frequencies ~20dB
58
impedance
resistance to the flow of energy; 3 methods to counter impedance: 1) Large TM to small Oval Window: +25dB; 2) Lever difference; malleus to stapes:+2dB; 3) Buckling TM, comparatively less malleus movement: +4 to 6dB = ~31dB increase
59
innervation of hair cells
Afferent (sensory) innervation: 1 inner hair cell is innervated by up to 10 VIII nerve fibers; 1 outer hair cell shares innervation by 1 VIII nerve fiber with 10 other outer hair cells; from cochlea up Efferent (motor) innervation: Inhibitory effect to reduce afferent activity caused by hair cell stimulation; from brain down
60
Neural Pathways
1) Cochlea Nucleus (CN) 1st step of processing sound; in dorso-lateral (lower) brainstem; 2) SOC 2nd step for 2:3 pathways from CN: binaural interaction & locates sound origin; 3) IC 2nd step for 1:3 pathways from CN & 3rd step for 2:3 that stopped at SOC; all acoustic info is integrated back together; also where they crossover (decussate) to opposite sides of CNS; IC higher up on brainstem; 4) MGB; 4th step of afferent acoustic information; located in thalamus; projects information to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe 5) final step to Heschl's gyrus & cerebral cortex

Otology (1 decks)

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