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Clinical > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures enter through the thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture)?

A
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Vessels
  • Nerves
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2
Q

What binds the superior thoracic aperture?

A
  • Posteriorly: The T1 vertebra
  • Laterally: The first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
  • Anteriorly: The superior boarder of the manubrium
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3
Q

What binds the inferior thoracic aperture?

A
  • Posteriorly: T12 vertebra
  • Posterolaterally: 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
  • Anteriolaterally: Joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margin
  • Anteriorly: by the xiphisternal joint
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4
Q

What are the three different types of ribs?

A
  • True (vertibrosternal) ribs: (1st-7th ribs) attach directly to the sternum anteriorly through their own costal cartilages
  • False (vertebrochondral) ribs: (8th-10th ribs) have cartilages on their anterior ends that are joined to the cartilages of the rib superior to them; thus their connection to the sternum is indirect
  • Floating (free) ribs: (11th-12th (sometimes 10th)) have rudimentary cartilages on their anterior ends that do not connect even indirectly with the sternum; instead they end in posterior abdomen musculature
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5
Q

What type of joint is the intervertable joint?

A

symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)

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6
Q

What are the articulations of the intervertable joint?

A

Adjacent veritable bodies bound together by intervertable disks

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7
Q

What type of joint is the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?

A

Synovial plane joint

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8
Q

What are the articulations of the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?

A

Head of each rib with superior demifacet or costal facet of corresponding veritable body and inferior demifacet or costal facet of veritable body superior to it

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9
Q

What are the ligament attached to the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?

A

The radiate and intra-articular ligaments of the head of rib

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10
Q

What type of joint is the costotransverse joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

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11
Q

What are the articulations of the costotransverse joint?

A

Articulation of tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra

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12
Q

What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joint?

A

Lateral and superior costotransverse

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13
Q

What type of joint is the sternocostal joints?

A

1st: primary cartilaginous joint

2nd-7th: synovial plane joints

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14
Q

What are the Ligaments of the sternocostal joints?

A

Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal

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15
Q

What are the articulations of the sternocostal joints?

A

Articulation of the 1st costal cartilages with manubrium of sternum. Articulation of 2nd-7th pairs of costal cartilages with sternum

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16
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle synovial joint

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17
Q

What are the articulations of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and first costal cartilage

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18
Q

What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; costoclavicular ligament

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19
Q

What type of joint is the interchondral joints?

A

Synovial plane joints

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20
Q

What are the articulations of the interchondral joints?

A

Articulations between the costal cartilages 6th-7th, 7th-8th and 8th-9th ribs

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21
Q

What are the ligaments of the interchondral joints?

A

Interchondral ligaments

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22
Q

What type of joint is the manbriosternal joint?

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

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23
Q

What are the articulations of the manbriosternal joint?

A

Articulation between manubrium and sternum

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24
Q

What are the ligaments of the manbriosternal joint?

A

Interchondral ligaments

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25
Q

What type of joint is the xiphesternal joint?

A

Primary cartilaginous

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26
Q

What are the articulations of the xiphisternal joint?

A

Articulations between xiphoid process and body of sternum

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27
Q

What are the ligaments of the xiphesternal joint?

A

Interchondral ligaments

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28
Q

What is the veritable level of the sternum?

A

T5-9

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29
Q

What is the veritable level of the xiphoid process?

A

T10

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30
Q

Where does the lymph nodes on the left side drain to?

A

The thoracic duct which drains into the left brachiophalic vein

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31
Q

Where do the lymph nodes on the right side drain to?

A

Right lymphatic duct which drains into the right brachiophalic vein

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32
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A
  • Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
  • Costal cartilages 7-12
  • Xiphoid process
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33
Q

What are the medial attachments of the diaphragm

A

central tendon

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34
Q

Where are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

Anterior rami of C3-4 (mainly) and C5. It is both motor and sensory

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35
Q

At what veritable level is the caval opening?

A

T8

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36
Q

What is the caval opening?

A

It transmits the inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve

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37
Q

At what veritable level is the esophageal hiatus?

A

T10

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38
Q

What does the esophageal hiatus transmit?

A

the oesophogus and both Vegus nerves

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39
Q

What veritable level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

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40
Q

What does the aortic hiatus transmit?

A

Aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygous vein and the thoracic duct

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41
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

C3-C6

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42
Q

What innervates the larynx?

A

Branches of the vegus nerve

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43
Q

What makes up the larynx?

A
  • Hyoid (C2/3)
  • Throhyoid membrane (C4)
  • Laryngeal prominance (C5)
  • Cricoid cartilage and start of trachea (C6)
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44
Q

What makes up the lung Hilum?

A
  1. Bronchi
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Superior pulmonary vein
  4. Inferior pulmonary vein
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45
Q

At what rib level does the horizontal fissure happen?

A

follows the 4th rib anteriorly

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46
Q

At what level does the oblique fissure happen

A

Begins at spine of T3 and then follows 6th rib abteriorly

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47
Q

At what veritable level is the sternomanubrial joint found?

A

T4/5

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48
Q

What ribs are the typical ribs?

A

3-9

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49
Q

Describe a typical rib

A
  • Rounded superior boarder
  • Sharp inferior boarder
  • Head articulates with same numbered vertebra plus vertebra above
  • Neck
  • tubercular which articulates with the transverse process of the spine
  • Angle
  • Costal sulcus/ groove with intercostal veins, arteries and nerves lying in the veins
  • Pit for costal cartilage
  • Attachments ribs/ costal cartilages
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50
Q

Describe the first rib

A
  • Short, wide and flat
  • articulates with only T1
  • Scalene tubercle: for attachments of the anterior to the scalene muscle of the neck, an accessory respiratory muscle
  • Groove for subclavian artery (posterior to scalene tubercle)
  • Groove for subclavian vein (anterior to scalene tubercle)
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51
Q

Describe a typical thoracic vertebra

A
  • Body: kidney shaped and intermediate sized
  • Demi-facets on body: articulate with the head of the rib
  • Vertebral foramen: the spinal chord and the dura, arachnoid and pia meninges pass through this
  • Intervertable notch: occupied by spinal nerves
  • Pedicle
  • Lamina
  • Transverse process
  • Articular facets on the tip of the transverse process: articulate the tubercle of a rib
  • Spinous process: long, slender, non-biffed and goes downwards
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52
Q

What is the name of the superficial muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?

A
  • External intercostal muscle

- Inferiormedial

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53
Q

What is the name of the Intermediate muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?

A
  • Internal intercostal muscle

- Inferiorposterial

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54
Q

What is the name of the deep muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?

A
  • Innermost intercostal muscle

- Inferiorposterial

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55
Q

Between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

The internal and the innermost intercostal muscles

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56
Q

From superior to inferior, which structures comprise the neurovascular bundle?

A
  • Intercostal vein
  • Intercostal artery
  • Intercostal nerve
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57
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve

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58
Q

What is the dermatome of the sternal angle

A

T2

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59
Q

On the trunk the dermatomes go from C4 to T2, what happens to the others?

A

C5-T1 are in the upper limbs

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60
Q

What dermatomes innervate the nipple area?

A

T4

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61
Q

What dermatomes innervate the umbilical area?

A

T10

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62
Q

What dermatomes innervate the groin area?

A

L1

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63
Q

Which remi supply the dermatomes of the aneriorlateral thoracic wall?

64
Q

Which remi supply the dermatomes of the Posterior thoracic wall?

65
Q

Where is the location of the axillary lymph node?

A

Root of the upper limb

66
Q

Where is the location of the superficial and deep inguinal lymph node?

A

root of the lower limb

67
Q

Where is the location of the pectoral lymph node?

A

around the pectorallis major muscle

68
Q

Where is the location of the tracheobronchial lymph node?

A

Bifurcation of the trachea in thorax

69
Q

Where is the location of the lumbar/ pelvic lymph node?

A

around the roots of arteries in the abdomen and pelvis

70
Q

Where is the location of the superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

Superficial and deep groups in the head and neck

71
Q

To which vertebra are the left and right curas of the diaphragm attached?

A
  • Right: L1-3

- Left: L1-2

72
Q

Which cartilages is the diaphragm attached?

A

7-10 costal cartilages

73
Q

Which part of the sternum is the diaphragm attached to?

A

The xiphoid process

74
Q

What divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

The sternal manubrium

75
Q

Which vertebrae form the posterior boarder of the superior mediastinum?

76
Q

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

A

5th left intercostal space midclavicular line

77
Q

Anterior to which vertebrae is the heart situated?

78
Q

At what vertebrae level does the aortic arch take place?

79
Q

At what vertebrae level does bifurcation of the abdominal aorta take place?

80
Q

At what vertebrae level does bifurcation of the common iliac arteries take place?

81
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta?

A

Brachiophalic artery

82
Q

What is the second branch of the aorta?

A

Left common carotid

83
Q

What is the third branch of the aorta?

A

Left subclavian artery

84
Q

What are the branches of the descending aorta?

A
  • Bronchial arteries
  • Oesophogeal arteries
  • Pericardial arteries
  • Posterior intercostal arteries
85
Q

Where do the common iliac arteries arise and lie?

A
  • Arise at L4

- Lie in the iliac fossa

86
Q

Where do the external iliac arteries arise and what do they become?

A
  • arise at L5

- Become the femoral artery

87
Q

Where do the internal iliac arteries arise and what do they supply?

A
  • Arise at L5

- Supply pelvic viscera

88
Q

What are the attachments of the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle?

A

Inferior boarder of the ribs and the superior boarder of the ribs bellow

89
Q

What innervates the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle?

A

The intercostal nerves

90
Q

What are the attachments of the transversus thoracic muscles?

A
  • The posterior surface of the lower sternum (superior)

- The internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6 (inferior)

91
Q

What innervates the transverse thoracic muscles?

A

The intercostal nerve

92
Q

What are the attachments of the Subcostal muscles?

A
  • Internal surface of the lower ribs near their angles (superior)
  • Superior boarders of the 2nd and 3rd ribs below (inferior)
93
Q

What innervates the subcostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves

94
Q

What are the attachments of the Levastores costarum muscles?

A
  • Transverse process of T7-T11 (superior)

- Subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle (inferior)

95
Q

What innervates the Levastores costarum muscles?

A

Posterior rami of C8-T11

96
Q

What are the attachments of the Serratus posterior superior muscles?

A
  • Nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3 vertebra (superior)
  • Superior boarders of 2nd-4th ribs (inferior)
97
Q

What innervates the Serratus posterior superior muscles?

A

2nd-5th intercostal muscles

98
Q

What are the attachments of the Serratus posterior inferior muscles?

A
  • Inferior boarders of the 8th to 12th ribs near their angles (superior)
  • Spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae
99
Q

What innervates the Serratus posterior inferior muscles?

A

9th to 11th inctercostal nerves, subcostal (T12) nerve

100
Q

What are the tributaries of the superior vena cava?

A
  • Left and right brachiophalic veins

- Azygous

101
Q

What are the tributaries of the inferior vena cava?

A

-Left and right common iliac veins

102
Q

Where do you fins the azygous and hemiazygous veins?

A
  • Azygous: right side of the posterior mediastinum

- Hemiazygous: left side of the posterior mediastinum

103
Q

which veins are drained by the azygous and hemiazygous veins>

A
  • Thoracic and lumbar wall
  • Posterior intercostal
  • The veritable venus plex
104
Q

Which anterior chest wall vein drains into the internal thoracic vein?

A

superior epigastric vein

105
Q

Which anterior chest wall artery arises from the internal thoracic artery?

A

musculophrenic

106
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

On the veritable bodies between the azygous vein and the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

107
Q

At what veritable level does the thoracic duct commence?

A

L1 as the cisterna chyli

108
Q

Through which part of the diaphragm does the inferior vena cave pass and how does this assist venous return to the heart

A
  • Central tendon

- When breathing in the vena cava dialates

109
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

an abdominal protrusion of a structure, e.g. the abdominal oesophagus and upper part of the stomach, through into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm caused by frequent hard coughing, heavy lifting and a number of other predisposing factors that compromise the structural integrity of the diaphragm over the short and long term

110
Q

What veritable levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves?

111
Q

What forms the Adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

112
Q

Which structure prevents solids and liquids entering the laryngeal inlet?

A

epiglottis

113
Q

When does the trachea start?

A

it continues on from the larynx at C6

114
Q

How many incomplete hyaline cartilage rings comprise the trachea?

115
Q

What is the muscle that completes the rings posteriorly?

A

trachealis

116
Q

What is the final cartilage ring before bifurcation of the trachea called?

117
Q

Which of the two main bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical?

118
Q

What are the two major arteries arching over the left main bronchus?

A
  • Left pulmonary artery

- Aorta

119
Q

At what point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Lateral boarder of the 1st rib

120
Q

In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into the radial and the ulnar?

A

The cubital fossa

121
Q

Which of the radial and ulnar arteries have the largest diameter?

122
Q

What is the endocardium comprised of?

A

A single layer of squamous epithelium

123
Q

What is the myocardium comprised of?

A

Many layers of cardiac muscle

124
Q

What is the epicardium comprised of?

A

a single layer of squamous epithelium

125
Q

What layer belongs to both the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

The epicardium

126
Q

What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?

A

It protects the heart against sudden overfilling

127
Q

Where does the visceral pericardium receive innervation from?

A

T1-4 nerves and vagus via the cardiac plexus

128
Q

What is the role of the left and right auricles?

A

Blood storage

129
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A

A support system for the septal surface of the heart, prevents the ventricle from ballooning out

130
Q

What ventricular wall is bigger? by how many times? and why?

A
  • LV wall
  • x3
  • LV has to pump blood around the body
131
Q

What are the functions of the papillary muscles?

A

Prevents backflow

132
Q

What is the function of chordae tendinae?

A

prevents valve failure

133
Q

Where is the blood of the cardiac veins drained to?

A

The coronary sinus (a wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart) which in turn feeds into the right atrium

134
Q

Name the coronary arteries

A
  • Right coronary artery
  • Left coronary artery
  • Anterior interventricular artery
  • Posterior interventricular artery
  • Circumflex artery
135
Q

What does the right coronary artery sit in?

A

The atrioventricular sulcus

136
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus located?

A

The bifurcation of the trachea

137
Q

What are the histological layers of arteries?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
138
Q

In an elastic artery describe all three layers

A
  • Tunica intima: Presence of endothelial cells
  • Tunica media: Presence of concentric fenestration sheets of elastin, and only a few smooth muscles
  • Tunica adventitia: very broad and mainly collagen and elastic
139
Q

In an muscular artery describe all three layers

A
  • Tunica intima: presence of internal elastic lamina
  • Tunica media: Situated between IEL and OEL it has layers of smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
  • Tunica adventitia: very broad with vasa vasorium
140
Q

What type of arteries are the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?

A

elastic and conducting

141
Q

What type of arteries are the femoral and the radial arteries?

A

Muscular and distributing

142
Q

What tissue dominates the tunica media of arterioles?

A

smooth muscle

143
Q

What layer of veins form valves?

A

Tunica intima

144
Q

State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midclavicular line

A

inferior boarder: rib 6

Parietal pleura: rib 8

145
Q

State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midaxillary line

A

inferior boarder: rib 8

Parietal pleura: rib 10

146
Q

State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midscapular line

A

inferior boarder: rib 10

Parietal pleura: rib 12

147
Q

What contour does the oblique fissure follow?

148
Q

What is the level the horizontal fissure lies at?

149
Q

Where does the posterior boarder of each lung extend to?

150
Q

What are the two layers that comprise the mucosa?

A
  • epithelium

- Loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria

151
Q

Name the two types of cells found in the epithelial layer

A
  • Goblet cells

- pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium

152
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle found in the posterior wall of the trachea?

A

Trachialis muscle

153
Q

What is the difference between the trachea and the intrapulmonary bronchus?

A

The trachea has incomplete c-shaped rings and the bronchus has unfused plates of hyaline cartilage

154
Q

What is the type of cell in bronchioles?

A

either columnar or cuboidal

155
Q

Are there any glands, cartilage or smooth muscle in bronchioles?

A

Only smooth muscle

156
Q

What two types of connective tissue fibres predominate in the respiratory portion of the lungs?

A

Reticular and elastic

Clinical (5 decks)

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