Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures enter through the thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture)?

A
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Vessels
  • Nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What binds the superior thoracic aperture?

A
  • Posteriorly: The T1 vertebra
  • Laterally: The first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
  • Anteriorly: The superior boarder of the manubrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What binds the inferior thoracic aperture?

A
  • Posteriorly: T12 vertebra
  • Posterolaterally: 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
  • Anteriolaterally: Joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margin
  • Anteriorly: by the xiphisternal joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three different types of ribs?

A
  • True (vertibrosternal) ribs: (1st-7th ribs) attach directly to the sternum anteriorly through their own costal cartilages
  • False (vertebrochondral) ribs: (8th-10th ribs) have cartilages on their anterior ends that are joined to the cartilages of the rib superior to them; thus their connection to the sternum is indirect
  • Floating (free) ribs: (11th-12th (sometimes 10th)) have rudimentary cartilages on their anterior ends that do not connect even indirectly with the sternum; instead they end in posterior abdomen musculature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of joint is the intervertable joint?

A

symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the articulations of the intervertable joint?

A

Adjacent veritable bodies bound together by intervertable disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of joint is the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?

A

Synovial plane joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the articulations of the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?

A

Head of each rib with superior demifacet or costal facet of corresponding veritable body and inferior demifacet or costal facet of veritable body superior to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the ligament attached to the costal veritable joints of the head of ribs?

A

The radiate and intra-articular ligaments of the head of rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of joint is the costotransverse joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the articulations of the costotransverse joint?

A

Articulation of tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joint?

A

Lateral and superior costotransverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of joint is the sternocostal joints?

A

1st: primary cartilaginous joint

2nd-7th: synovial plane joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the Ligaments of the sternocostal joints?

A

Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the articulations of the sternocostal joints?

A

Articulation of the 1st costal cartilages with manubrium of sternum. Articulation of 2nd-7th pairs of costal cartilages with sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the articulations of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and first costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; costoclavicular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of joint is the interchondral joints?

A

Synovial plane joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the articulations of the interchondral joints?

A

Articulations between the costal cartilages 6th-7th, 7th-8th and 8th-9th ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the ligaments of the interchondral joints?

A

Interchondral ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of joint is the manbriosternal joint?

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the articulations of the manbriosternal joint?

A

Articulation between manubrium and sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the ligaments of the manbriosternal joint?

A

Interchondral ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of joint is the xiphesternal joint?

A

Primary cartilaginous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the articulations of the xiphisternal joint?

A

Articulations between xiphoid process and body of sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the ligaments of the xiphesternal joint?

A

Interchondral ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the veritable level of the sternum?

A

T5-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the veritable level of the xiphoid process?

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the lymph nodes on the left side drain to?

A

The thoracic duct which drains into the left brachiophalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where do the lymph nodes on the right side drain to?

A

Right lymphatic duct which drains into the right brachiophalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A
  • Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
  • Costal cartilages 7-12
  • Xiphoid process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the medial attachments of the diaphragm

A

central tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

Anterior rami of C3-4 (mainly) and C5. It is both motor and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

At what veritable level is the caval opening?

A

T8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the caval opening?

A

It transmits the inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

At what veritable level is the esophageal hiatus?

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the esophageal hiatus transmit?

A

the oesophogus and both Vegus nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What veritable level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does the aortic hiatus transmit?

A

Aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygous vein and the thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

C3-C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What innervates the larynx?

A

Branches of the vegus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What makes up the larynx?

A
  • Hyoid (C2/3)
  • Throhyoid membrane (C4)
  • Laryngeal prominance (C5)
  • Cricoid cartilage and start of trachea (C6)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What makes up the lung Hilum?

A
  1. Bronchi
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Superior pulmonary vein
  4. Inferior pulmonary vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

At what rib level does the horizontal fissure happen?

A

follows the 4th rib anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

At what level does the oblique fissure happen

A

Begins at spine of T3 and then follows 6th rib abteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

At what veritable level is the sternomanubrial joint found?

A

T4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What ribs are the typical ribs?

A

3-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe a typical rib

A
  • Rounded superior boarder
  • Sharp inferior boarder
  • Head articulates with same numbered vertebra plus vertebra above
  • Neck
  • tubercular which articulates with the transverse process of the spine
  • Angle
  • Costal sulcus/ groove with intercostal veins, arteries and nerves lying in the veins
  • Pit for costal cartilage
  • Attachments ribs/ costal cartilages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe the first rib

A
  • Short, wide and flat
  • articulates with only T1
  • Scalene tubercle: for attachments of the anterior to the scalene muscle of the neck, an accessory respiratory muscle
  • Groove for subclavian artery (posterior to scalene tubercle)
  • Groove for subclavian vein (anterior to scalene tubercle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe a typical thoracic vertebra

A
  • Body: kidney shaped and intermediate sized
  • Demi-facets on body: articulate with the head of the rib
  • Vertebral foramen: the spinal chord and the dura, arachnoid and pia meninges pass through this
  • Intervertable notch: occupied by spinal nerves
  • Pedicle
  • Lamina
  • Transverse process
  • Articular facets on the tip of the transverse process: articulate the tubercle of a rib
  • Spinous process: long, slender, non-biffed and goes downwards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the name of the superficial muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?

A
  • External intercostal muscle

- Inferiormedial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the name of the Intermediate muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?

A
  • Internal intercostal muscle

- Inferiorposterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the name of the deep muscle found in the intercostal space and what is the orientation of its fibres?

A
  • Innermost intercostal muscle

- Inferiorposterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located?

A

The internal and the innermost intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

From superior to inferior, which structures comprise the neurovascular bundle?

A
  • Intercostal vein
  • Intercostal artery
  • Intercostal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the dermatome of the sternal angle

A

T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

On the trunk the dermatomes go from C4 to T2, what happens to the others?

A

C5-T1 are in the upper limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What dermatomes innervate the nipple area?

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What dermatomes innervate the umbilical area?

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What dermatomes innervate the groin area?

A

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Which remi supply the dermatomes of the aneriorlateral thoracic wall?

A

Ventral

64
Q

Which remi supply the dermatomes of the Posterior thoracic wall?

A

Dorsal

65
Q

Where is the location of the axillary lymph node?

A

Root of the upper limb

66
Q

Where is the location of the superficial and deep inguinal lymph node?

A

root of the lower limb

67
Q

Where is the location of the pectoral lymph node?

A

around the pectorallis major muscle

68
Q

Where is the location of the tracheobronchial lymph node?

A

Bifurcation of the trachea in thorax

69
Q

Where is the location of the lumbar/ pelvic lymph node?

A

around the roots of arteries in the abdomen and pelvis

70
Q

Where is the location of the superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

Superficial and deep groups in the head and neck

71
Q

To which vertebra are the left and right curas of the diaphragm attached?

A
  • Right: L1-3

- Left: L1-2

72
Q

Which cartilages is the diaphragm attached?

A

7-10 costal cartilages

73
Q

Which part of the sternum is the diaphragm attached to?

A

The xiphoid process

74
Q

What divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

The sternal manubrium

75
Q

Which vertebrae form the posterior boarder of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1-4

76
Q

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

A

5th left intercostal space midclavicular line

77
Q

Anterior to which vertebrae is the heart situated?

A

T5-8

78
Q

At what vertebrae level does the aortic arch take place?

A

T4

79
Q

At what vertebrae level does bifurcation of the abdominal aorta take place?

A

L4

80
Q

At what vertebrae level does bifurcation of the common iliac arteries take place?

A

L5

81
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta?

A

Brachiophalic artery

82
Q

What is the second branch of the aorta?

A

Left common carotid

83
Q

What is the third branch of the aorta?

A

Left subclavian artery

84
Q

What are the branches of the descending aorta?

A
  • Bronchial arteries
  • Oesophogeal arteries
  • Pericardial arteries
  • Posterior intercostal arteries
85
Q

Where do the common iliac arteries arise and lie?

A
  • Arise at L4

- Lie in the iliac fossa

86
Q

Where do the external iliac arteries arise and what do they become?

A
  • arise at L5

- Become the femoral artery

87
Q

Where do the internal iliac arteries arise and what do they supply?

A
  • Arise at L5

- Supply pelvic viscera

88
Q

What are the attachments of the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle?

A

Inferior boarder of the ribs and the superior boarder of the ribs bellow

89
Q

What innervates the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle?

A

The intercostal nerves

90
Q

What are the attachments of the transversus thoracic muscles?

A
  • The posterior surface of the lower sternum (superior)

- The internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6 (inferior)

91
Q

What innervates the transverse thoracic muscles?

A

The intercostal nerve

92
Q

What are the attachments of the Subcostal muscles?

A
  • Internal surface of the lower ribs near their angles (superior)
  • Superior boarders of the 2nd and 3rd ribs below (inferior)
93
Q

What innervates the subcostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves

94
Q

What are the attachments of the Levastores costarum muscles?

A
  • Transverse process of T7-T11 (superior)

- Subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle (inferior)

95
Q

What innervates the Levastores costarum muscles?

A

Posterior rami of C8-T11

96
Q

What are the attachments of the Serratus posterior superior muscles?

A
  • Nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3 vertebra (superior)
  • Superior boarders of 2nd-4th ribs (inferior)
97
Q

What innervates the Serratus posterior superior muscles?

A

2nd-5th intercostal muscles

98
Q

What are the attachments of the Serratus posterior inferior muscles?

A
  • Inferior boarders of the 8th to 12th ribs near their angles (superior)
  • Spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae
99
Q

What innervates the Serratus posterior inferior muscles?

A

9th to 11th inctercostal nerves, subcostal (T12) nerve

100
Q

What are the tributaries of the superior vena cava?

A
  • Left and right brachiophalic veins

- Azygous

101
Q

What are the tributaries of the inferior vena cava?

A

-Left and right common iliac veins

102
Q

Where do you fins the azygous and hemiazygous veins?

A
  • Azygous: right side of the posterior mediastinum

- Hemiazygous: left side of the posterior mediastinum

103
Q

which veins are drained by the azygous and hemiazygous veins>

A
  • Thoracic and lumbar wall
  • Posterior intercostal
  • The veritable venus plex
104
Q

Which anterior chest wall vein drains into the internal thoracic vein?

A

superior epigastric vein

105
Q

Which anterior chest wall artery arises from the internal thoracic artery?

A

musculophrenic

106
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

On the veritable bodies between the azygous vein and the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

107
Q

At what veritable level does the thoracic duct commence?

A

L1 as the cisterna chyli

108
Q

Through which part of the diaphragm does the inferior vena cave pass and how does this assist venous return to the heart

A
  • Central tendon

- When breathing in the vena cava dialates

109
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

an abdominal protrusion of a structure, e.g. the abdominal oesophagus and upper part of the stomach, through into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm caused by frequent hard coughing, heavy lifting and a number of other predisposing factors that compromise the structural integrity of the diaphragm over the short and long term

110
Q

What veritable levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves?

A

C3-5

111
Q

What forms the Adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

112
Q

Which structure prevents solids and liquids entering the laryngeal inlet?

A

epiglottis

113
Q

When does the trachea start?

A

it continues on from the larynx at C6

114
Q

How many incomplete hyaline cartilage rings comprise the trachea?

A

15-20

115
Q

What is the muscle that completes the rings posteriorly?

A

trachealis

116
Q

What is the final cartilage ring before bifurcation of the trachea called?

A

Carina

117
Q

Which of the two main bronchi is shorter, wider and more vertical?

A

Right

118
Q

What are the two major arteries arching over the left main bronchus?

A
  • Left pulmonary artery

- Aorta

119
Q

At what point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Lateral boarder of the 1st rib

120
Q

In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into the radial and the ulnar?

A

The cubital fossa

121
Q

Which of the radial and ulnar arteries have the largest diameter?

A

The ulnar

122
Q

What is the endocardium comprised of?

A

A single layer of squamous epithelium

123
Q

What is the myocardium comprised of?

A

Many layers of cardiac muscle

124
Q

What is the epicardium comprised of?

A

a single layer of squamous epithelium

125
Q

What layer belongs to both the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

The epicardium

126
Q

What protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium?

A

It protects the heart against sudden overfilling

127
Q

Where does the visceral pericardium receive innervation from?

A

T1-4 nerves and vagus via the cardiac plexus

128
Q

What is the role of the left and right auricles?

A

Blood storage

129
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A

A support system for the septal surface of the heart, prevents the ventricle from ballooning out

130
Q

What ventricular wall is bigger? by how many times? and why?

A
  • LV wall
  • x3
  • LV has to pump blood around the body
131
Q

What are the functions of the papillary muscles?

A

Prevents backflow

132
Q

What is the function of chordae tendinae?

A

prevents valve failure

133
Q

Where is the blood of the cardiac veins drained to?

A

The coronary sinus (a wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart) which in turn feeds into the right atrium

134
Q

Name the coronary arteries

A
  • Right coronary artery
  • Left coronary artery
  • Anterior interventricular artery
  • Posterior interventricular artery
  • Circumflex artery
135
Q

What does the right coronary artery sit in?

A

The atrioventricular sulcus

136
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus located?

A

The bifurcation of the trachea

137
Q

What are the histological layers of arteries?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
138
Q

In an elastic artery describe all three layers

A
  • Tunica intima: Presence of endothelial cells
  • Tunica media: Presence of concentric fenestration sheets of elastin, and only a few smooth muscles
  • Tunica adventitia: very broad and mainly collagen and elastic
139
Q

In an muscular artery describe all three layers

A
  • Tunica intima: presence of internal elastic lamina
  • Tunica media: Situated between IEL and OEL it has layers of smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
  • Tunica adventitia: very broad with vasa vasorium
140
Q

What type of arteries are the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?

A

elastic and conducting

141
Q

What type of arteries are the femoral and the radial arteries?

A

Muscular and distributing

142
Q

What tissue dominates the tunica media of arterioles?

A

smooth muscle

143
Q

What layer of veins form valves?

A

Tunica intima

144
Q

State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midclavicular line

A

inferior boarder: rib 6

Parietal pleura: rib 8

145
Q

State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midaxillary line

A

inferior boarder: rib 8

Parietal pleura: rib 10

146
Q

State where the inferior boarder of the lung and the parietal pleura is in the midscapular line

A

inferior boarder: rib 10

Parietal pleura: rib 12

147
Q

What contour does the oblique fissure follow?

A

6th rib

148
Q

What is the level the horizontal fissure lies at?

A

rib 4

149
Q

Where does the posterior boarder of each lung extend to?

A

C7 to T10

150
Q

What are the two layers that comprise the mucosa?

A
  • epithelium

- Loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria

151
Q

Name the two types of cells found in the epithelial layer

A
  • Goblet cells

- pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium

152
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle found in the posterior wall of the trachea?

A

Trachialis muscle

153
Q

What is the difference between the trachea and the intrapulmonary bronchus?

A

The trachea has incomplete c-shaped rings and the bronchus has unfused plates of hyaline cartilage

154
Q

What is the type of cell in bronchioles?

A

either columnar or cuboidal

155
Q

Are there any glands, cartilage or smooth muscle in bronchioles?

A

Only smooth muscle

156
Q

What two types of connective tissue fibres predominate in the respiratory portion of the lungs?

A

Reticular and elastic

Clinical (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions