Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of serous pleural fluid?
A
Lubricates pleural surfaces allowing them to slide smoothly over each other during respiration.
Creates surface tension that allows the cohesion of the lung to the thoracic wall.
2
Q
How many lobes does the left lung have?
A
Two. The right lung has three.
3
Q
Describe the arrangement of structures within the lung root.
A
Pulmonary artery is superior.
Superior and inferior pulmonary veins are anterior and inferior.
The bronchus is in the middle.
4
Q
What is the hilum?
A
The area on the medial surface of each lung at which the structures forming the lung root enter and leave the lung.
5
Q
At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
A
At the level of the sternal angle.
T4
6
Q
Which arteries supply the lung root structures, supporting tissues of the lung and the visceral pleura?
A
Bronchial arteries
7
Q
Where do the lymphatic vessels from the superficial lymphatic plexus in the lung drain to?
A
Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes.
8
Q
Which cranial nerve causes bronchoconstriction?
A
CN X
Vagus nerve
9
Q
Which structures make up the upper GI tract?
A
Oral cavity Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine
10
Q
What structure divides the nasal and oral cavities?
A
Palate
11
Q
What are the muscles of mastication?
A
Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid
12
Q
What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
A
The mandibular division of the trigeminal, CN V3.
13
Q
What muscle is responsible for opening the mouth?
A
Lateral pterygoid
14
Q
What is the only cranial nerve that attaches to the pons?
A
Trigeminal
15
Q
Describe how CN V3 leaves the base of the skull.
A
Passes through the foramen ovale.
16
Q
Which nerve supplies the upper dental arch?
A
CN V2
17
Q
What cell type makes up the mucosa of the oral cavity?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
18
Q
Describe how CN V2 leaves the base of the skull.
A
Passes through foramen rotundum.
19
Q
How many teeth should be in an adult mouth?
A
32
20
Q
What are the four types of papilla found on the tongue?
A
Vallate
Foliate
Filiform
Fungiform
21
Q
Which papillae lie directly anterior to the terminal sulcus?
A
Vallate
22
Q
Which papillae contain sense receptors?
A
Vallate
Foliate
Fungiform
23
Q
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
A
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
24
Q
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve? Which nerve is it innervated by?
A
Palatoglossus, vagus nerve (CN X)
25
Where does CN XII attach to the CNS?
Medulla oblongata
26
Where does CN XII leave the base of the skull?
Passes through the hypoglossal canal
27
Which nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN V3
28
Which nerve provides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with taste?
Chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve.
29
Describe the route the chorda tympani takes to innervate the tongue
The facial nerve exits the base of the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. The chorda tympani branches off and joins the lingual nerve, running anteriorly in its sheath.
30
Which nerve innervates the vallate papillae?
Lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
31
Which nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
32
Which nerves are involves in the gag reflex?
Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
33
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve attach to the CNS?
Medulla
34
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the base of the skull?
Passes through jugular foramen.
35
Name the three pairs of salivary glands.
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
36
Which pair of salivary glands is not supplies by the facial nerve? Which nerve is it supplied by?
Parotid.
Supplied by parasympathetic secretomotor from CN IX
37
Is the urinary tract intra- or retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
38
What ribs protect the kidneys?
11 and 12
39
Which arteries supply the kidneys?
Adrenal, renal and gondal arteries.
40
How many segmental branches arise from each renal artery to supply the nephrons?
5
41
What are the two main parts of the kidney called?
The outer cortex and inner medulla
42
What parts of the nephrons are contained within the outer cortex of the kidneys?
The renal corpuscle (Bowman's capsule and glomerulus) and the distal covoluted tubule
43
What parts of the nephrons are contained within the inner medulla of the kidneys?
loop of henle, collecting duct
44
Describe the route urine takes as it drains from the kidney.
Collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter
45
What is the function of an afferent neurone?
Afferent neurones are sensory. They bring signals from the PNS to the CNS.
46
What is the function of an efferent neurone?
Efferent neurones are motor. They project signals away from the CNS towards the PNS.
47
What are the three parts of the brainstem called?
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
48
Where does the spinal cord exit the skull?
Via the foramen magnum.
49
Are the anterior roots of the spinal nerves motor or sensory?
Motor
50
Are the posterior roots of the spinal nerves motor or sensory?
Sensory
51
How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
31
52
How many vertebrae are there?
33
53
Where does the T4 dermatome lie?
Male nipple
54
Where does the T10 dermatome lie?
Umbilicus
55
What are nerve plexuses?
Networks of intertwined anterior rami.
56
At what spinal level does sympathetic innervation arise from?
T1-L2
57
Where do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?
Via CN III, VII, IX and X and the sacral spinal nerves.
58
What are the three types of joint?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
59
Give an example of a fibrous joint.
Coronal Suture
| Sagital suture etc.
60
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.
Epiphyseal growth plate
61
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint.
Intervertebral disc
62
What are the two subtypes of fibrous joint?
Sutures and syndesmoses
63
What structure attaches bone to bone?
Ligament
64
What structure attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
65
What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces in a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage
66
What is the function of synovial fluid?
To cushion, nourish and lubricate the joint.
67
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?
```
Plane
Hinge
Biaxial
Ball and socket
Pivot
```
68
What subtype of synovial joint allows for >45 degrees shaking the head rotation?
Pivot
69
Which subtype of synovial joint allows for circumduction?
Ball and socket
70
What is subluxation?
Reduced area of contact between the articular surfaces.
71
What is dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces.
72
What is the importance of periarticular arterial anastamoses around a joint?
They allow the flow of blood around a joint during flexion when the main artery is restricted.
73
Name and atypical feature of the TMJ.
Articular disc.
74
What part of the bone ossifies, signalling the cessation of growth?
epiphyseal growth plate
75
What are the three fossae found in the floor of the skull?
Anterior, middle and posterior
76
Name the bones of the neurocranium.
Frontal, 2 sphenoid, 2 temporal, two parietal and one occipital
77
Name the bones of the facial skeleton.
Left and right nasal, left and right zygoma, left and right maxilla and the mandible.
78
Which facial fracture results in a floating pallate?
Le Fort I
79
Which facial fracture occurs along the suture line of the zygoma and maxilla (pyramidal)?
Le Fort II
80
Which facial fracture results in cranial and facial dislocation?
Le Fort III
81
What are the different parts of the mandible?
Coronoid process, condylar process, ramus, angle, body, mental foramen and mental process.
82
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?
7
83
How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?
12
84
How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?
5
85
How many sacral vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?
5
86
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?
4
87
What elements make up the vertebral arch?
2x pedicle
| 2x lamina
88
Which part of the vertebra is responsible for weight bearing?
Vertebral body
89
Which of the vertebral processes is responsible for articulation with the ribs?
Transverse
90
What is the name given to the joints that form between adjacent vertebrae?
Facet joints
91
On which vertebrae would you find the odontoid process?
C2
92
Which vertebrae has the first palpable spinous process in most people?
C7
93
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
94
Which ribs are true ribs?
1-7
95
Which ribs are false ribs?
8-10
96
Which ribs are floating ribs?
11 and 12
97
Name the bones of the upper limbs.
```
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
```
98
Name the bones of the lower limb.
```
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
```
99
The peritoneum lines which body cavity?
Abdominal cavity
100
Name the pouches formed by the draping of the peritoneum over the pelvic organs in a female patient.
Vesicouterine
| Rectouterine
101
Name the pouch formed by the draping of the peritoneum over the pelvic organs in a male patient.
Rectovesical.
102
Where is the portal triad located?
In the free edge of the lesser omentum
103
Where do the lesser and greater sacs communicate?
Omental foramen (foramen of Winslow)
104
Describe the shape of the stomach.
J shaped
105
In which quadrant is the stomach mainly located?
LUQ
106
Name the parts of the stomach.
```
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus
```
107
What is the name given to the longitudinal gastric folds that form when the stomach contracts?
Rugae
108
Which arteries supply the stomach and run along the lesser curvature?
Right and left gastric arteries
109
Which arteries supply the stomach and run along its greater curvature?
Left and right gastro-omental arteries.
110
Which lymph nodes lie along the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Gastric lymph nodes
111
Which lymph nodes lie along the greater curvature of the stomach?
Gastro-omental lymph nodes.
112
Where does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen?
Via the oesophageal hiatus, T10
113
Name the three parts of the small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
114
Name the four parts of the duodenum and state whether they are intra- or retroperitoneal.
Superior (intra-)
Descending (retro-)
Horizontal (retro-)
Ascending (retro-)
115
Which arteries supply the superior and descending parts of the duodenum?
gastroduodenal and superior pancreaticoduodenal
116
From which branch of the abdominal aorta does the blood supply to the foregut originate?
Coeliac trunk
117
Where does the duodenum join the jejunum?
duodenojejunal flexure
118
Which nerves descends the lateral borders of the pericardium?
Left and right phrenic
119
What space lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Transverse pericardial sinus
120
What is the normal position of the apex of the heart?
5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line
121
What is the apex of the heart?
The most lateral and superior aspect at which the heart can be palpated/auscultated
122
What three branches arise from the aortic arch?
Brachocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
left subclavian
123
What are the first branches of the aorta?
Coronary arteries
124
What three vessels drain into the right atrium?
SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus
125
Which chamber makes up most of the base of the heart?
Left atrium
126
The posterior intercostal veins drain into which vein before reaching the SVC?
azygous
127
In which heart chamber is the SA node located?
Right atrium
128
What heart valve lies between the RA and RV?
Tricuspid
129
What heart valve lies between the RV and pulmonary trunk ?
Pulmonary
130
What heart valve lies between the LA and LV?
Mitral
131
What heart valve lies between the LV and aorta?
Aortic
132
What cusps does the tricuspid valve have?
anterior, posterior and septal
133
What cusps does the pulmonary valve have?
anterior, right and left
134
What cusps does the aortic valve have?
right, left and posterior
135
What cusps does the mitral valve have?
anterior and posterior
136
What name is given to the fibrous sac surrounding the heart?
Pericardium
137
What nerve runs down the trachea and onto the oesophagus?
Vagus
138
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
Remnant of the ductus arteriosus connecting the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta
139
Where would you find the thoracic duct?
On the left side of the upper oesophagus
140
What vessles are commonly used as grafts in CABG?
Radial
Internal thoracic (mammary)
Great saphenous vein
141
The mediastinum refers to which area of the thoracic cavity?
The area between the lungs
142
What structures form the boundary of the thoracic inlet?
Ribs 1, T1 and jugular notch
143
Which part of the mediastinum does the thymus lie in?
Anterior mediastinum
144
What is the function of the thymus?
Produces T-lymphocytes in childhood. Replaced by adipose tissue after puberty.
145
Does the azygous vein pass superiorly or inferiorly to the lung root?
Superiorly
146
What two veins form the venous angle?
Internal jugular and subclavian veins
147
How does lymph drain from the lungs?
Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes> tracheobronchial lymph nodes> right lymphatic/thoracic duct > right/left venous angle
148
The thoracic duct lies between which two structures?
Azygous vein and oesophagus
149
Which branch of the left vagus nerve is given off at the ligamentum arteriosum?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
150
The anterior rami of which spinal nerves form the Phrenic nerves?
C3, 4 and 5
151
What three components make up the CVS?
Heart, arteries and veins
152
What are the two main circulations?
Systemic
| Pulmonary
153
Describe the location of the heart.
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, in the middle mediastinum, slightly to the left of the midline, deep the body of the sternum and costal cartilages.
154
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous
| Serous
155
What three layers of tissue make up the heart?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
156
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Acts as an electrical insulator to ensure coordinated contraction
157
What hormone speeds up the heart and increases the force of contraction?
Adrenaline
158
Why is the jejunum more red than the ileum?
The jejunum has a larger vascular supply
159
From which branch of the aorta do the jejunal and ileal arteries arise?
SMA
160
Where are Peyer's Patches found?
The ileum
161
What are teniae coli?
The three thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres found in the colon that meet at the appendix.
162
Is the hepatic flexure higher or lower than the splenic flexure?
lower
163
What region does the sigmoid colon lie in?
LIF
164
What structure allows the sigmoid colon to have a considerable degree of movement?
Sigmoid mesocolon
165
What is it called when the sigmoid colon twists round on itself?
Sigmoid volvulus
166
At what level does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?
S3
167
Which muscle helps maintain faecal continence and is slung around the rectum?
Puborectalis
