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Year 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of serous pleural fluid?

A

Lubricates pleural surfaces allowing them to slide smoothly over each other during respiration.

Creates surface tension that allows the cohesion of the lung to the thoracic wall.

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2
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two. The right lung has three.

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3
Q

Describe the arrangement of structures within the lung root.

A

Pulmonary artery is superior.
Superior and inferior pulmonary veins are anterior and inferior.
The bronchus is in the middle.

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4
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The area on the medial surface of each lung at which the structures forming the lung root enter and leave the lung.

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5
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

At the level of the sternal angle.

T4

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6
Q

Which arteries supply the lung root structures, supporting tissues of the lung and the visceral pleura?

A

Bronchial arteries

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7
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels from the superficial lymphatic plexus in the lung drain to?

A

Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes.

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve causes bronchoconstriction?

A

CN X

Vagus nerve

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9
Q

Which structures make up the upper GI tract?

A 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach 
Small intestine
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10
Q

What structure divides the nasal and oral cavities?

A

Palate

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11
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid

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12
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal, CN V3.

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13
Q

What muscle is responsible for opening the mouth?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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14
Q

What is the only cranial nerve that attaches to the pons?

A

Trigeminal

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15
Q

Describe how CN V3 leaves the base of the skull.

A

Passes through the foramen ovale.

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16
Q

Which nerve supplies the upper dental arch?

A

CN V2

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17
Q

What cell type makes up the mucosa of the oral cavity?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Describe how CN V2 leaves the base of the skull.

A

Passes through foramen rotundum.

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19
Q

How many teeth should be in an adult mouth?

A

32

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20
Q

What are the four types of papilla found on the tongue?

A

Vallate
Foliate
Filiform
Fungiform

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21
Q

Which papillae lie directly anterior to the terminal sulcus?

A

Vallate

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22
Q

Which papillae contain sense receptors?

A

Vallate
Foliate
Fungiform

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23
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

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24
Q

Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve? Which nerve is it innervated by?

A

Palatoglossus, vagus nerve (CN X)

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25
Q

Where does CN XII attach to the CNS?

A

Medulla oblongata

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26
Q

Where does CN XII leave the base of the skull?

A

Passes through the hypoglossal canal

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27
Q

Which nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN V3

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28
Q

Which nerve provides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with taste?

A

Chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve.

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29
Q

Describe the route the chorda tympani takes to innervate the tongue

A

The facial nerve exits the base of the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. The chorda tympani branches off and joins the lingual nerve, running anteriorly in its sheath.

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30
Q

Which nerve innervates the vallate papillae?

A

Lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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31
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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32
Q

Which nerves are involves in the gag reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

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33
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve attach to the CNS?

A

Medulla

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34
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the base of the skull?

A

Passes through jugular foramen.

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35
Q

Name the three pairs of salivary glands.

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

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36
Q

Which pair of salivary glands is not supplies by the facial nerve? Which nerve is it supplied by?

A

Parotid.

Supplied by parasympathetic secretomotor from CN IX

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37
Q

Is the urinary tract intra- or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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38
Q

What ribs protect the kidneys?

A

11 and 12

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39
Q

Which arteries supply the kidneys?

A

Adrenal, renal and gondal arteries.

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40
Q

How many segmental branches arise from each renal artery to supply the nephrons?

A

5

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41
Q

What are the two main parts of the kidney called?

A

The outer cortex and inner medulla

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42
Q

What parts of the nephrons are contained within the outer cortex of the kidneys?

A

The renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus) and the distal covoluted tubule

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43
Q

What parts of the nephrons are contained within the inner medulla of the kidneys?

A

loop of henle, collecting duct

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44
Q

Describe the route urine takes as it drains from the kidney.

A

Collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter

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45
Q

What is the function of an afferent neurone?

A

Afferent neurones are sensory. They bring signals from the PNS to the CNS.

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46
Q

What is the function of an efferent neurone?

A

Efferent neurones are motor. They project signals away from the CNS towards the PNS.

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47
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem called?

A

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

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48
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit the skull?

A

Via the foramen magnum.

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49
Q

Are the anterior roots of the spinal nerves motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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50
Q

Are the posterior roots of the spinal nerves motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

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51
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31

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52
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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53
Q

Where does the T4 dermatome lie?

A

Male nipple

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54
Q

Where does the T10 dermatome lie?

A

Umbilicus

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55
Q

What are nerve plexuses?

A

Networks of intertwined anterior rami.

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56
Q

At what spinal level does sympathetic innervation arise from?

A

T1-L2

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57
Q

Where do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Via CN III, VII, IX and X and the sacral spinal nerves.

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58
Q

What are the three types of joint?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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59
Q

Give an example of a fibrous joint.

A

Coronal Suture

Sagital suture etc.

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60
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

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61
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint.

A

Intervertebral disc

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62
Q

What are the two subtypes of fibrous joint?

A

Sutures and syndesmoses

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63
Q

What structure attaches bone to bone?

A

Ligament

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64
Q

What structure attaches muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

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65
Q

What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces in a synovial joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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66
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

To cushion, nourish and lubricate the joint.

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67
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?

A 
Plane
Hinge
Biaxial
Ball and socket
Pivot
68
Q

What subtype of synovial joint allows for >45 degrees shaking the head rotation?

69
Q

Which subtype of synovial joint allows for circumduction?

A

Ball and socket

70
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Reduced area of contact between the articular surfaces.

71
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces.

72
Q

What is the importance of periarticular arterial anastamoses around a joint?

A

They allow the flow of blood around a joint during flexion when the main artery is restricted.

73
Q

Name and atypical feature of the TMJ.

A

Articular disc.

74
Q

What part of the bone ossifies, signalling the cessation of growth?

A

epiphyseal growth plate

75
Q

What are the three fossae found in the floor of the skull?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior

76
Q

Name the bones of the neurocranium.

A

Frontal, 2 sphenoid, 2 temporal, two parietal and one occipital

77
Q

Name the bones of the facial skeleton.

A

Left and right nasal, left and right zygoma, left and right maxilla and the mandible.

78
Q

Which facial fracture results in a floating pallate?

79
Q

Which facial fracture occurs along the suture line of the zygoma and maxilla (pyramidal)?

A

Le Fort II

80
Q

Which facial fracture results in cranial and facial dislocation?

A

Le Fort III

81
Q

What are the different parts of the mandible?

A

Coronoid process, condylar process, ramus, angle, body, mental foramen and mental process.

82
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?

83
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?

84
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?

85
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?

86
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?

87
Q

What elements make up the vertebral arch?

A

2x pedicle

2x lamina

88
Q

Which part of the vertebra is responsible for weight bearing?

A

Vertebral body

89
Q

Which of the vertebral processes is responsible for articulation with the ribs?

A

Transverse

90
Q

What is the name given to the joints that form between adjacent vertebrae?

A

Facet joints

91
Q

On which vertebrae would you find the odontoid process?

92
Q

Which vertebrae has the first palpable spinous process in most people?

93
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

94
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

95
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

96
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

97
Q

Name the bones of the upper limbs.

A 
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals 
Phalanges
98
Q

Name the bones of the lower limb.

A 
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
99
Q

The peritoneum lines which body cavity?

A

Abdominal cavity

100
Q

Name the pouches formed by the draping of the peritoneum over the pelvic organs in a female patient.

A

Vesicouterine

Rectouterine

101
Q

Name the pouch formed by the draping of the peritoneum over the pelvic organs in a male patient.

A

Rectovesical.

102
Q

Where is the portal triad located?

A

In the free edge of the lesser omentum

103
Q

Where do the lesser and greater sacs communicate?

A

Omental foramen (foramen of Winslow)

104
Q

Describe the shape of the stomach.

105
Q

In which quadrant is the stomach mainly located?

106
Q

Name the parts of the stomach.

A 
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus
107
Q

What is the name given to the longitudinal gastric folds that form when the stomach contracts?

108
Q

Which arteries supply the stomach and run along the lesser curvature?

A

Right and left gastric arteries

109
Q

Which arteries supply the stomach and run along its greater curvature?

A

Left and right gastro-omental arteries.

110
Q

Which lymph nodes lie along the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Gastric lymph nodes

111
Q

Which lymph nodes lie along the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Gastro-omental lymph nodes.

112
Q

Where does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen?

A

Via the oesophageal hiatus, T10

113
Q

Name the three parts of the small intestine.

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

114
Q

Name the four parts of the duodenum and state whether they are intra- or retroperitoneal.

A

Superior (intra-)
Descending (retro-)
Horizontal (retro-)
Ascending (retro-)

115
Q

Which arteries supply the superior and descending parts of the duodenum?

A

gastroduodenal and superior pancreaticoduodenal

116
Q

From which branch of the abdominal aorta does the blood supply to the foregut originate?

A

Coeliac trunk

117
Q

Where does the duodenum join the jejunum?

A

duodenojejunal flexure

118
Q

Which nerves descends the lateral borders of the pericardium?

A

Left and right phrenic

119
Q

What space lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

120
Q

What is the normal position of the apex of the heart?

A

5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line

121
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The most lateral and superior aspect at which the heart can be palpated/auscultated

122
Q

What three branches arise from the aortic arch?

A

Brachocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
left subclavian

123
Q

What are the first branches of the aorta?

A

Coronary arteries

124
Q

What three vessels drain into the right atrium?

A

SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus

125
Q

Which chamber makes up most of the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

126
Q

The posterior intercostal veins drain into which vein before reaching the SVC?

127
Q

In which heart chamber is the SA node located?

A

Right atrium

128
Q

What heart valve lies between the RA and RV?

129
Q

What heart valve lies between the RV and pulmonary trunk ?

130
Q

What heart valve lies between the LA and LV?

131
Q

What heart valve lies between the LV and aorta?

132
Q

What cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

anterior, posterior and septal

133
Q

What cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

A

anterior, right and left

134
Q

What cusps does the aortic valve have?

A

right, left and posterior

135
Q

What cusps does the mitral valve have?

A

anterior and posterior

136
Q

What name is given to the fibrous sac surrounding the heart?

A

Pericardium

137
Q

What nerve runs down the trachea and onto the oesophagus?

138
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Remnant of the ductus arteriosus connecting the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta

139
Q

Where would you find the thoracic duct?

A

On the left side of the upper oesophagus

140
Q

What vessles are commonly used as grafts in CABG?

A

Radial
Internal thoracic (mammary)
Great saphenous vein

141
Q

The mediastinum refers to which area of the thoracic cavity?

A

The area between the lungs

142
Q

What structures form the boundary of the thoracic inlet?

A

Ribs 1, T1 and jugular notch

143
Q

Which part of the mediastinum does the thymus lie in?

A

Anterior mediastinum

144
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Produces T-lymphocytes in childhood. Replaced by adipose tissue after puberty.

145
Q

Does the azygous vein pass superiorly or inferiorly to the lung root?

A

Superiorly

146
Q

What two veins form the venous angle?

A

Internal jugular and subclavian veins

147
Q

How does lymph drain from the lungs?

A

Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes> tracheobronchial lymph nodes> right lymphatic/thoracic duct > right/left venous angle

148
Q

The thoracic duct lies between which two structures?

A

Azygous vein and oesophagus

149
Q

Which branch of the left vagus nerve is given off at the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

150
Q

The anterior rami of which spinal nerves form the Phrenic nerves?

A

C3, 4 and 5

151
Q

What three components make up the CVS?

A

Heart, arteries and veins

152
Q

What are the two main circulations?

A

Systemic

Pulmonary

153
Q

Describe the location of the heart.

A

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, in the middle mediastinum, slightly to the left of the midline, deep the body of the sternum and costal cartilages.

154
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous

Serous

155
Q

What three layers of tissue make up the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

156
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Acts as an electrical insulator to ensure coordinated contraction

157
Q

What hormone speeds up the heart and increases the force of contraction?

A

Adrenaline

158
Q

Why is the jejunum more red than the ileum?

A

The jejunum has a larger vascular supply

159
Q

From which branch of the aorta do the jejunal and ileal arteries arise?

160
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches found?

161
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

The three thickened bands of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres found in the colon that meet at the appendix.

162
Q

Is the hepatic flexure higher or lower than the splenic flexure?

163
Q

What region does the sigmoid colon lie in?

164
Q

What structure allows the sigmoid colon to have a considerable degree of movement?

A

Sigmoid mesocolon

165
Q

What is it called when the sigmoid colon twists round on itself?

A

Sigmoid volvulus

166
Q

At what level does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

167
Q

Which muscle helps maintain faecal continence and is slung around the rectum?

A

Puborectalis

Year 1 (5 decks)

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