Anatomy

Question 1

What is the main function of the external and internal oblique muscles and which nerves innervate these muscles?

Answer 1

Flex and rotate trunk

Innervated by ventral rami of T7-T11

Question 2

What is the main function of the transverses abdomens muscle and which nerves innervate this muscle?

Answer 2

Compress and support abdominal viscera

Innervated by ventral rami of T7-T11

Question 3

What is the function of the rectus abdominus muscle and which nerves innervate this muscle?

Answer 3

Flexes trunk & tilts pelvis

Innervated by ventral rami of T7-T12

Question 4

What is the rectus sheath made up of?

Answer 4

Aponeuroses of transverses abdominus, internal oblique & external oblique

Question 5

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 5

Sheet of white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in a large area of muscle

Question 6

At which vertebral level is the umbilicus on the abdominal wall?

Answer 6

L3

Question 7

List the contents of the male AND female inguinal canal

Answer 7

Male:
Spermatic cord
Blood + lymph
Ilio-inguinal nerve

Female:
Round ligament of uterus
Blood + lymph
Ilio-inguinal nerve

Question 8

By which passage do the greater and lesser momentum communicate?

Answer 8

Epiploic foramen

Question 9

Name some of the retroperitoneal organs

Answer 9

Pancreas (except tail)
Ascending + descending colon
Rectum
Kidneys

Question 10

Name some of the Intraperitoneal organs

Answer 10

Stomach
Ileum + jejunum
Transverse colon
Spleen

Question 11

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pain, pressure, heat and cold?

Answer 11

Parietal

Question 12

What are the 3 main openings of the diaphragm? Name the main structure that passes through each of these openings and the corresponding vertebral level

Answer 12

T8 - IVC
T10 - oesophagus
T12 - abdominal aorta

Question 13

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate and which arteries are formed from this bifurcation?

Answer 13

L4 - forms the common iliac arteries

Question 14

List the 3 unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta and the vertebral level these branches occur at

Answer 14

Celiac trunk - T12 (just below aortic hiatus of diaphragm)
Superior mesenteric artery - L1
Inferior mesenteric artery - L3

Question 15

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 veins?

Answer 15

Splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein

Question 16

List 2 structures which pass through the oesophageal hiatus (T10) in the diaphragm?

Answer 16

Oesophagus

Vagus nerve

Question 17

What is the pyloric sphincter and what is its function?

Answer 17

It is a band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine
Function - controls flow of partially digested food from stomach to small intestine

Question 18

What is chyme?

Answer 18

Food in stomach that has been mixed with gastric juice to form thick acidic liquid called chyme

Question 19

The pyloric sphincter is formed from a thickening of which layer of the gut tube?

Answer 19

Circular muscle layer of the muscular is externa

Question 20

The lesser momentum extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the ___

Answer 20

Liver

Question 21

Where is the foregut/midgut boundary?

Answer 21

First 1/3 of duodenum is the foregut

Question 22

How are the different parts of the small intestine peritonised?

Answer 22

Duodenum - retroperitoneal
Jejenum - intraperitoneal
Ileum - intraperitoneal

Question 23

How are the different parts of the large intestine peritonised?

Answer 23

Caecum - Intraperitoneal
Ascending colon - retroperitoneal
Transverse colon - intraperitoneal
Descending colon - retroperitoneal
Sigmoid colon - intraperitoneal

Question 24

In which abdominal region are the cecum and appendix located?

Answer 24

Right iliac fossa

Question 25

What is McBurney’s point and why is it useful clinically?

Answer 25

Roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum - deep tenderness at this point is a sign of acute appendicitis

Question 26

Which artery supplies the superior 1/3 of the rectum?

Answer 26

Superior rectal artery

Question 27

How are the various sections of the rectum peritonised?

Answer 27

Superior 1/3 - intraperitoneal
Middle 1/3 - retroperitoneal
Inferior 1/3 - no peritoneum

Question 28

Which secretory cells are present in gastric pits? What substances do these cells secrete?

Answer 28

Parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid
Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
Mucus neck cells - secrete mucus

Question 29

Which 2 structures does the transpyloric plane lie between?

Answer 29

Jugular notch and upper border of pubic symphis

Question 30

List the key anatomical structures present in the transpyloric plane

Answer 30

Pylorus of stomach
Neck of pancreas
Duodenal flexure
Fundus of gall bladder

Question 31

In which region of the abdominal cavity is the spleen located?

Answer 31

Left hypochondriac region

Question 32

List 3 functions of the spleen

Answer 32

Storage of RBCs
Production of RBCs
Phagocytosis

Question 33

How is the spleen peritonised?

Answer 33

Intraperitoneal

Question 34

During a splenectomy, which vessel must the surgeon be careful not to damage?

Answer 34

Hepatic portal vein (which is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein)

Question 35

The round ligament of the liver (ligamentum trees) is the remnant of which embryological structure?

Answer 35

Fetal umbilical vein

Question 36

Name 3 structures present in the porta hepatis of the liver

Answer 36

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper
Common hepatic duct

Question 37

What is the surface marking of the gall bladder?

Answer 37

9th costal cartilage

Question 38

Which ribs are related to the spleen?

Answer 38

Spleen lies obliques along axis of 10th rib