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ENME 523 Biomechanics > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the transverse plane

A

It is a horizontal plane that cuts you in half at the belly button approx.

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2
Q

Describe the Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that is in line with your butt crack

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3
Q

Describe the Frontal Plane

A

Vertical plane that is parallel to collar bones

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4
Q

What is abduction?

A

Moving your leg or arm away from you

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5
Q

What is adduction?

A

Moving your leg or arm towards you

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6
Q

Describe synarthrodial joints

A

Joint that connects bones by fibrous tissue and allows little or no movement (ex. connections between different parts of the skull) (can think of these joints as sutures)

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7
Q

Describe amphiarthrodial joints

A

Joint that allows small amount of motion (ex. vertebrae)

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8
Q

Describe diarthrodial joints

A

Diarthrodial or synovial joints are the main joints about which movements occur, which includes the majority of joints in the body. These are either uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial joints.

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9
Q

In which direction do antero-posterior rotations typically occur?

A

In line with the frontal plane. ie. moving your arm away from your body sideways

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10
Q

In which direction do medio-lateral rotations typically occur?

A

In line with the sagittal plane. ie. Swinging your leg back and forth at the hip

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11
Q

What are the two distinct phases for each limb?

A

1) Stance

2) Swing

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12
Q

What are the parts of the stance phase?

A

1) Initial contact
2) Loading Response
3) Midstance
4) Terminal Distance
5) Pre-swing
6) Toe-off

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13
Q

What is the loading response and % of stride?

A

Sole of foot comes in contact with the ground (10-15%)

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14
Q

What is the midstance and % of stride?

A

Tibia rotates over the stationary foot (15-30%)

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15
Q

What is the terminal stance and % of stride?

A

Weight is shifted to the forefoot (30-45%)

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16
Q

What is the pre-swing and % of stride?

A

Weight is shifted onto other limb in preparation for swing phase (45-60%)

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17
Q

What are the periods of the swing phase and associated percentages?

A

1) Initial Swing (60-73%)
2) Mid-swing (73-87%)
3) Terminal Swing (87-100%)

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18
Q

What is the most accepted model of gait mechanics?

A

Inverted pendulum model

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19
Q

Why does it cost energy to walk?

A
  • We must transition from one pendulum-like step to the next

- Have to redirect CM upward into the next pendulum

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20
Q

What is the froude number?

A

Ratio of centripetal force over the gravitational force (v^2/gL)

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21
Q

How much mechanical energy is conserved in human walking?

A

60-70%

22
Q

In human walking, how do gravitational force and centripetal force relate?

A

Gravitational force must >= centripetal force

23
Q

When should the walk to run transition occur?

A

Transition at less than but close to efficiency overlap point

24
Q

What is the purpose of articular cartilage?

A
  • Load transmission
  • Stress transmission
  • low friction contact
25
Q

What are the three different zones in cartilage?

A 
Articular surface
1) Superficial zone
2) Middle Zone
3) Deep Zone
Tidemark
26
Q

What happens to the orientation of the collagen fibres as you go deeper in the cartilage?

A

Collagen fibres go from horizontal to vertical and the uniaxial strain modulus (MPa) increases

27
Q

What do the collagen fibres and proteoglycan matrix retain?

A
  • Collagen fibres retain proteoglycans

- Proteoglycan matrix retains fluid

28
Q

What are the charges on the proteoglycan matrix, collagen fibres, and interstitial fluid?

A

proteoglycan matrix = negative
interstitial fluid = positive
collagen fibres = neutral

29
Q

What are the structural functions of the proteoglycan matrix, collagen fibres, and interstitial fluid?

A

proteoglycan matrix = compression
interstitial fluid = compression
collagen fibres = shear,tension

30
Q

What blocks the binding sites on the actin, and when does this occur?

A

Tropomyosin, and when the muscle is relaxed.

31
Q

What needs to occur for the binding sites to be exposed?

A

Calcium ions needs to bind with Troponin on the actin which pulls the Tropomyosin off of the binding sites.

32
Q

How does the muscle contract through actin and myosin?

A

Actin is the thin filament that surrounds the myosin.

Myosin uses ATP to attach to actin at binding sites and pull it, causing muscle contraction.

33
Q

What are the three regions of force-length relationship?

A

Ascending limb, Plateau region, descending limb

34
Q

What is the centre of mass equation from Fred’s notes?

A

R_g = 1/m∫(ρ*r dV)

35
Q

What is the total linear momentum density from Fred’s Notes?

A

P = ∫(ρ*v dV)

36
Q

What is the total angular momentum density from Fred’s Notes?

A

Lo = ∫(r x ρ*v dV)

37
Q

After expanding the total angular momentum density equation, what is the fourth term equal to?

A

Tensor of inertia

38
Q

What does the total angular momentum simplify to if the local reference frame P coincides with the centre of mass G?

A

L_o = R_g x (mv_g) + J_gω

39
Q

What is the tensor of inertia in matrix notation?

A

J_p = ∫ (ρ[(ξ_pξ_p)δ_ij - ξ_iξ_j])dV

40
Q

What are the simplified equations for linear and angular momentum?

A

Linear: P = mv_g
Angular: L_o = r_g x (mv_g) + J_g*ω

41
Q

Provide the equation that constitutes the simplest way to measure experimentally the moment of inertia of a rigid body.

A

J_g = ( [ T^2mgl ] / [ 4π^2 ] ) - ml^2

42
Q

What are the Cardan angles sometimes named?

A

Tait-Bryan angles

43
Q

How do you find the transformation of a second order tensor A with rotation matrix Q?

A

A’ = [Q]^T [A] [Q]

44
Q

What is passive rotation?

A

old basis vectors rotated by orthogonal tensor Q into new basis
{v}’ = [Q]^T {v}

45
Q

What is active rotation?

A

Basis vectors remain unchanged, the vector is transformed into a new vector:
{w} = [Q] {v}

46
Q

Important features of articular cartilage modelling?

A

multiphasic: solid, fluid, ions
microstructured: cells, PGs, collagen fibres
anisotropic: direction-dependence
inhomogeneous: location-dependence
non-linear: under large deformations

47
Q

What is the first approximation of articular cartilage modelling?

A 
biphasic: solid, fluid
non-structured: regular continuum
isotropic: rotation-invariant
homogeneous: translation-invariant
linear: small displacements
48
Q

What does the confined compression test measure?

A

Measures properties in one direction, and location dependence:
inhomogeneity

49
Q

What does the unconfined compression test measure?

A

To measure properties in different directions:

anisotropy

50
Q

What is the interstitial fluid in cartilage for?

A

nutrient transport

(tissue is avascular!)

51
Q

What do the 11 DLT parameters depend on?

A 
u'_ci = camera geometry
x_ci = camera position
D_ij = camera orientation

ENME 523 Biomechanics (1 decks)

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