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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What forms the roof of the mouth cavity

A

Hard palate

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2
Q

What forms the floor of the mouth cavity

A

Muscle- Mylohyoid muscle

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3
Q

Base of the tongue

A

Mandible and hyoid bone

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4
Q

What are teeth set in?

A

Sockets in the maxilla/mandible

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5
Q

Sockets are in

A

Alveolar process or ridge

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6
Q

What material are teeth covered in?

A

Enamel

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7
Q

What is the bone structure underneath the teeth?

A

Dentine

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8
Q

What type of joints are between teeth?

A

Strong fibrous joints- peg and socket

They are immovable

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9
Q

Teeth present in each quadrant

A

2 incisors
2 premolars
1 canine
3 molars

(2123)

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10
Q

Teeth in children

A 
Deciduous teeth
Also four quadrants 
2 incisors
1 canine
2 molars

**NO premolars

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11
Q

What is the little fold of epithelium connecting lips to gums?

A

Frenulum

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12
Q

What is the soft tissue that has a muscle core

A

Buccinator muscles

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13
Q

Features of the mouth cavity

A 
Frenulum
Uvula
Buccinator 
Hard palate
Soft palate
Two folds- Palatopharyngeal fold
                  Palatoglossal fold
Palatine tonsil
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14
Q

Palatoglossal fold

A

Runs from the soft palate to posterior side of the tongue

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15
Q

Palatopharyngeal fold

A

Runs from soft palate vertically down towards the pharynx

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16
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

Mass of lymphoid tissue in the depression between palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal folds

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17
Q

Vestibule

A

Space between the cheeks and the teeth

This is normally kept close by the buccinator muscle

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18
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Sup and Inf longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

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19
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus

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20
Q

Actions of extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus- Protrude, depress, tip movement
Styloglossus- Retracts and elevates
Palatoglossus- Raises back part of tongue
Hyoglossus- Retracts and depresses

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21
Q

Which artery supplies the muscles of the tongue

A

Lingual artery (from external carotid)

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22
Q

Which nerve is the sensory supply to the anterior part of the tongue

A

Lingual

Posterior is glossopharyngeal

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23
Q

Pharynx where to where

A

Base of skull to C6

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24
Q

Skeletal landmarks for attachment of constrictor muscles

A

Pterygoid plate
Hyoid bone
Laryngeal cartilages

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25
Q

Structure of pharynx

A 
Epithelial lining
Connective tissue (elastic)
   -Pharyngobasilar fascia
Muscular wall 
   -Buccopharyngeal fascia
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26
Q

Planes of reference in the abdomen

A

Hypochondrium Epigastrium Hypochondrium
Lumbar Umbilical Lumbar
Iliac Hypogastrium Iliac

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27
Q

Walls of the abdomen

A

Posterior wall- around the vertebrae

And another antero-lateral wall

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28
Q

Muscles of the abdomen:

  • —> What ribs
  • —> What direction
  • —> extra info
A

External oblique

ribs 5-12
downward and medial
aponeurosis and the rolled up lower
margin of the aponeurosis is the inguinal ligament

Interior oblique

ribs 9-12
upwards and medial
Aponeurosis meets in the middle
inguinal ligament provides support

Transversus abdominis

ribs 7-12
Horizontal direction
lumbar fascia, iliac crest and ribs provides attachment

Rectus abdominis

Flat band, vertical and close to the midline
From top of pubic crest to ribs 5,6,7

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29
Q

Rectus sheath

A

Three lateral aponeuroses meet in the midline and this white fibrous tissue is called Linea Alba

 - -> EO anterior to the rectus 
 - -> IO splits in two, one anterior and one posterior
 - -> Transversus posterior

**At the lower end, aponeuroses of all three muscles are anterior to the rectus

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30
Q

Linea alba

A

Meeting of three lateral aponeuroses in the midline as a white fibrous tissue

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31
Q

What does abdominal wall develop largely from?

A

Thoracic dermomyotomes

32
Q

What supplies the anterior abdominal wall

A

Intercostal arteries from rib 5

When they come across the oblique costal margin, they enter the wall

33
Q

Arteries present in the rectus sheath

A

Superior epigastric
Inferior epigastric
Anastomosis between these two

34
Q

What nerves supply the muscles, skin and parietal peritoneum of the abdomen

A

T7 to L1 ventral rami

35
Q

What is EO supplied by?

A

Nerves from T5

36
Q

Peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane with epithelium and connective tissue wrapped around the viscera forming a cavity

37
Q

Mesentery and the colon

A

Ascending- None
Transverse- horizontal
Descending- no mesentery
Sigmoid- Mesentery

**Mesentery of the intestine also attaches obliquely

38
Q

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Circular (contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict lumen and push bolus)

  • Superior pharyngeal constrictor
  • Middle pharyngeal constrictor
  • Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Longitudinal (shorten and widen pharynx and elevate larynx when swallowing)

  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
39
Q

Pterygomandibular raphe

A

Lower end of the pterygoid plate running to the mandible as a fibrous chord
It is a fibrous structure where muscle fibres attach in each direction

40
Q

Cricopharyngeus

A

This muscle relaxes to allow for the bolus to enter the oesophagus by relaxing the crico-oesophageal sphincter

41
Q

Glands

A

Epithelial specialisations

Group of cells start proliferating away from the column and become hollow and tube forms.

42
Q

Simple gland

A

Single unit, unbranched unit

43
Q

Compound gland

A

Branched ducts- can be an organ in its own right

44
Q

Serous gland

A

Euchromatic nuclei
Pink apical portion, granular
Blue basal portion

45
Q

Mucous gland

A

Pale cytoplasm

Peripheral cells

46
Q

Combined acini

A

Tubular with serous terminal portion
Serous “demilune” of Heidenhain
Serous “crescent” of gianuzzi

47
Q

Three glands salivary

A

Parotid- largest, in front of the ear, serous
Sublingual- mucous
Submandibular- mixed

48
Q

Parts of the stomach

A

Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum
Pyloric canal

49
Q

Sphincters

A

Cardiac sphincter- does not show thickening but prevents reflux into the oesophagus. It is a functional sphincter

Pyloric sphincter- thickening of circular smooth muscle, controlled by autonomic NS

50
Q

Rugae

A

Folds of mucosa within the stomach

51
Q

Where is the major part of the small intestine located

A

In the intrafolic compartment between ascending and descending colon

52
Q

Colon features

A

Begins as caecum
Vermiform appendix hanging from here
Hepatic and splenic flexures and transverse colon in between

53
Q

Special features of the colon

A

Haustrations

Taeniae coli

54
Q

Three main arteries supplying the abdomen

A

Coeliac- oesophagus, stomach and half duodenum
SMA- rest of small intestine and upto left flexure
IMA- remaining colon, rectum and part of anal canal

55
Q

Blood supply of the stomach

A

Coeliac artery
Anastomoses along curvatures
Fundus- short branches from splenic artery

56
Q

Blood supply to small intestine

A 
Jejunum and ileum- Superior mesenteric artery. 
Straight branches (vasa recta) penetrate to submucosa
57
Q

Blood supply of the colon

A

SMA

  • Ileocolic
  • Right colic
  • Middle colic

IMA

  • Left colic
  • Sigmoid
58
Q

Nerve supply to the gut

A

Parasympathetic- vagus until SMA territory

Sympathetic- sphlanchic nervesf

59
Q

Histology of the small intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli (brush border)
Lamina propria at the core
Lacteal (capillary like structure in the middle)
Crypts within lamina propria

60
Q

Paneth cells

A

cells with granular cytoplasm- phagocytic in nature

61
Q

Brunner glands

A

Present in the duodenum
Mucous glands
Pale cytoplasm

**All the acid-laden contents of the stomach is neutralised by this

62
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

characteristic of the ileum

63
Q

Which lobe do caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver belong to

A

Left lobe

64
Q

Couinod

A

Segments of the functional lobes based on the branching of portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

65
Q

What does portal vein drain

A

Abdominal GIT and spleen

66
Q

What two veins combine into portal vein

A

Splenic vein and Superior mesenteric vein

67
Q

Where do splenic vein and SMV combine?

A

Behind the duodenum (retroduodenal) and behind the neck of pancreas

68
Q

How is oesophagus drained

A

By azygos system of veins

*Abdominal oesophagus is drained by portal vein

69
Q

Anal canal drainage

A

Proximal anal canal- IMV

Distal anal canal- Internal iliac vein

70
Q

Hartmann’s pouch

A

Slight dilatation at the neck of the gall bladder

71
Q

Phrygian cap

A

Folding of fundus on the body

72
Q

Biliary system

A

Hepatic ducts (R + L) from the lobes –> common hepatic duct
Then, cystic duct
Cystic duct + Common hepatic duct –> common bile duct

73
Q

Blood supply to the pancreas

A

Coeliac and SMA

74
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

Combined sphincter for bile and pancreatic ducts. Opens at the major duodenal papilla

75
Q

Spleen

A

Fully covered by peritoneum

Also has peritoneal connections to stomach and kidney

GIT (2 decks)

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