Anatomy

Question 1

Brachial plexus: trunks

Answer 1

• extends from neck to axilla & supplies upper limb

- formed from ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1; branches from the ventral rami of C4 & T2 may contribute

Question 2

Where do the C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1 ventral rami emerge from?

Answer 2

-between the anterior & middle scalene muscles

Question 3

Where do the ventral rami of C5 & C6 unite and what does that union form?

Answer 3

• at the lateral border of the scalenius medics
• forms the upper trunk
• this then passes infero-laterally, dividing just above or behind the clavicle into anterior & posterior divisions

Question 4

Ventral ramus of C7 anatomical path?

Answer 4

• continues as middle trunk

- then passes infero-laterally, to divide just above or behind the clavicle into anterior & posterior divisions

Question 5

Ventral rami of C8 & T1 anatomical pathway?

Answer 5

• unite at anterior aspect of scalenus medium behind scalenus anterior to form the lower trunk
• passes infero-laterally, dividing just above or behind the clavicle into anterior & posterior divisions

Question 6

Role of neural tissue

Answer 6

• prime role of nervous system - chemical & electrical communication
• optimal communication requires healthy nervous tissue
• responds to movement by sliding/moving next to adjacent tissue
• changes in intra-neural pressure with movement of the system

Question 7

Neural anatomy: nerve fiber binding

Answer 7

-nerve fibers bound by innervated connective tissue: endometrium, perineurium, epineurium

Question 8

Neural anatomy information

Answer 8

• extensive blood supply
• requires 20% of available oxygen supply
• highly metabolic tissue
• lymphatic system slower than other tissues

Question 9

Electrical activity

Answer 9

• antegrade & retrograde movement of proteins & neurotransmitters
• alteration of flow “sick neurons”: affect target tissue, affects conduction, affects cell body

Question 10

Biomechanics of the nervous system

Answer 10

• spinal canal is 7-9 cm longer in flexion than extension
• central & peripheral system must continue to function when stressed or loaded
• vascular/ion channels must continue to function with movement/stress

Question 11

Cervical facet joints

Answer 11

-45 degree angle toward eyes

Question 12

Consequences of cartilage changes in CS bone

Answer 12

-diseased cartilage produces friction - “popping”

Question 13

C1 no cutaneous branch

Answer 13

• sensory of posterior fossa/suboccipitals, O/A joints, posterior fossa & upper dura
• motor - sub occipitals & pre-vertebrals

Question 14

C2 cutaneous

Answer 14

-occiput, posterior neck muscles “greater occipital nerve”, semispinalis, splenius capitis, A/A medial/lateral joint, SCM, trapezius, pre-vertebrals

Question 15

C3 cutaneous

Answer 15

• sensory to occiput via “third occipital nerve”
• motor - supplies multifidus, SCM, trapezius, pre-vertebrals
• crosses C2-3 facet joint

Question 16

Branches of Trigeminal Nerve

Answer 16

• mandibular
• maxillary
• supraorbital

Question 17

Trigeminocervical Nucleus

Answer 17

-any structure innervated by the trigeminal nerve & upper first three cervical nerves that are capable of generating nociceptive input can potentially lead to headaches, dizziness or disequilibrium

Question 18

Function of the peripheral vestibular system

Answer 18

• stabilize visual input on the retina during head movement
• provide input for postural stability
• provide information regarding movement & spatial relationships