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Respiratory (2016) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The upper respiratory tract (URT) is made up of what structures?

A
  • the right & left nasal cavities
  • the oral cavity
  • the naso, oro & laryngo pharynx
  • the larynx
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2
Q

The lower respiratory tract (LRT) is made up of what structures?

A
  • the trachea
  • the right & left main bronchi
  • lobar bronchi
  • segmental bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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3
Q

What happens at the level of the C6 vertebra?

A
  • the larynx becomes the trachea

- the pharynx becomes the oesophagus

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4
Q

Where can the trachea be palpated?

A

at the jugular notch of the manubrium

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5
Q

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?

A

it is anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

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6
Q

What is the function of the chest walls?

A
  • protect the heart and lungs
  • make the movements of breathing
  • breast tissue for lactation
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7
Q

What is within the chest cavity?

A
  • vital organs (viscera)
  • major vessels and nerves
  • the mediastinum and the right and left pleural cavities
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8
Q

What is contained in the pleural cavity?

A

Pleural fluid

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9
Q

Parietal pleura is…

A

in contact with the chest wall

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10
Q

Visceral pleura is…

A

in contact with the lung organs

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11
Q

The lung lobe is…

A

the area of the lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

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12
Q

The bronchopulmonary segment is…

A

the area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air

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13
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lunch have?

A

10

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14
Q

Describe true ribs

A
  • ribs 1-7

- attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum

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15
Q

Describe false ribs

A
  • ribs 8-10

- attach via costal cartilage above to the sternum

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16
Q

Describe floating ribs

A
  • ribs 11-12

- no attachment to sternum

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17
Q

What is a costochondrial joint?

A

a junction between bone and cartilage

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of skeletal muscles located between the ribs and within the intercostal spaces?

A
  • external intercostal muscles
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • innermost intercostal muscles
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19
Q

What is the function of intercostal muscles?

A

They make the chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards

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20
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

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21
Q

What is a neuro-vascular bundle?

A

Each intercostal space carries a neuro-vascular bundle in the innermost intercostal muscle layers. They are made up of:

  • a vein
  • an artery
  • a nerve
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22
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the posterior part of the intercostal spaces?

A

Thoracic aorta

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23
Q

Which vein drains blood from the posterior part of the intercostal spaces?

A

Azygous vein

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24
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the anterior part of the intercostal spaces?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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25
Q

Which veins drain blood from the anterior part of the intercostal spaces

A

Internal thoracic veins

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26
Q

Describe the diaphragm

A
  • forms the floor of the chest cavity
  • forms the roof of the abdominal cavity
  • it is a skeletal muscle with an unusual central tendon
  • it has openings to allow structures to pass between the 2 cavities
  • arranged as 2 domes
  • the right dome is superior (due to the presence of the liver)
27
Q

The muscular part of the diaphragm attaches to what structures?

A
  • the sternum
  • the lower 6 ribs (7-12) & costal cartilages
  • L1-L3 vertebral bodies
28
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscular part of the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve

29
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3, 4 & 5

30
Q

Where can the phrenic nerve found?

A
  • in the neck on the anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle
  • found in the chest (thorax) descending over the lateral aspects of the heart
31
Q

Give two functions of the phrenic nerve

A
  • supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
  • supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm
32
Q

What are the mechanics of inspiration?

A
  • the diaphragm contracts and descends
  • intercostal muscles contract, elevating ribs
  • the chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them
33
Q

What are the mechanics of respiration?

A
  • the diaphragm relaxes and rises
  • intercostal muscles relax, lowering ribs
  • elastic tissue of lungs recoils
34
Q

Give a description and function of the deep fascia in the anterolateral chest wall

A

it is fibrous and tough and therefore is used as a form of protection

35
Q

Which muscle does the long thoracic nerve supply?

A

the serratus anterior

36
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

it anchors the scapula to the ribs

37
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor attach to?

A

it attaches betwwen the coracoid process of the scapula and ribs 3-5

38
Q

The fibrous pericardium is covered by?

A

the fibrous pericardium is covered bilaterally with parietal pleura

39
Q

Sectioned ribs and intercostal spaces are lined internally with?

A

parietal pleura

40
Q

The domes of the diaphragm are covered superiorly with?

A

parietal pleura

41
Q

Where will any abnormal fluid (pleural effusion) collect in an upright patient?

A

the costodiaphragmatic recess

42
Q

What is the lowest extent of the pleural sac?

A

the costodiaphragmatic recess

43
Q

Where can the costodiaphragmatic recess be located?

A
  • between ribs 8-10, along the mid-axillary line

- between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura

44
Q

What is the most inferior region of the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

the costodiaphragmatic angle

45
Q

What is auscultation?

A

listening to the sound of air moving through the larynx

46
Q

Normal breath sounds are _______ in nature?

A

rustling / vesicular

47
Q

The inferolateral section of each lung descends where during inspiration?

A

the costodiaphragmatic recess

48
Q

What are carotid sheaths and what do they contain?

A

They are protective sheaths of cervical(neck) deep fascia which contain :

  • The vagus nerve CN X
  • The internal carotid artery
  • The common carotid artery
  • The internal jugular vein
49
Q

What is the main muscle of quiet inspiration?

A

diaphragm

50
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (originating from C3,4,5)

51
Q

What are the accessory muscles of DEEP(forced) inspiration?

A
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Pectoralis Minor
  • Sternocleidomastoid
52
Q

The use of accessory muscles is a clinical sign of what?

A

Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)

53
Q

What are the accessory muscles for DEEP(forced) expiration?

A
  • Left & Right Rectus Abdominis
  • Left & Right External Oblique
  • Left & Right Internal Oblique
  • Left & Right Transverse Oblique
  • Collectively known as the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles*
54
Q

What is an aponeurosis ?

A

A flattened tendon

55
Q

Where do the left aponeurosis and right aponeurosis of the external + Internal obliques meet ?

A

The midline known as the linea alba (white line)

56
Q

What is the line called where muscle fibres of the obliques end and the aponeuroses begin?

A

The linea emilunaris (both right + left)

57
Q

What is a Pneumothorax?

A

A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into space between parietal pleura and lung

58
Q

What is the difference between a large and small pneumothorax ?

A

The space between lung and parietal pleura is less than 2cm in a small pneumothorax and greater than 2cm in a large pneumothorax

59
Q

What kind of resonance will a pneumothorax give?

A

hyper-resonance

60
Q

A pneumothorax can cause structures in the chest to shift, what is this known as?

A

Mediastinal Shift

61
Q

A right side tension pneumothorax will cause mediastinal shift to which side

A

the left

62
Q

What are the consequences of mediastinal shift?

A
  • Deviated trachea to the side opposite the tension pneumothorax
  • SVC compression leading to reduced venous return to the heart, causing hypotension(low arterial pressure)
63
Q

2 ways to manage a large pneumothorax

A
  • needle aspiration(thoracentesis)

- A chest drain

Respiratory (2016) (7 decks)

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