Anatomy Flashcards
What is above and below T4?
Above: superior mediastinum
Below: anterior, middle (heart) and posterior mediastinum
What makes up the left and right borders of the heart?
Left: mainly LV
Right: RA
What makes up the superior and inferior borders of the heart?
Superior: right and left atria and great vessels
Inferior: right and left ventricles
What does the coronary sulcus divide?
Divides the atria and ventricles
Where are the conducting nodes located?
SA - upper RA
AV node - lower end of RA
What do the left and right coronary arteries supply?
Left:
- Circumflex artery - supplies blood to the left atrium, side and back of the left ventricle.
- Left Anterior Descending artery (LAD) - supplies the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum.
Right:
right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes
What is coronary dominance?
The artery that supplies the posterior descending artery determines the coronary dominance. If supplied by the RCA - then it is right dominant. If supplied by both - then it is co-dominant.
What are some common sites of coronary anastomoses?
Ventricular arteries, apex, septa, SA nodal vessels.
They may develop in chronic or progressive conditions.
What are the functions of the placenta in foetal circulation?
Lungs, kidneys, food intake and waste disposal.
What are the functional consequences of having non-functional lungs as a foetus?
Blood from the RV has nowhere to go, so some blood is diverted from RA to the LA (through foreman ovale). However some blood must still flow through the RV to keep the chamber open.
Where are the azygous and hemiazygous veins located?
Azygous - right side, thoracic wall
Hemiazygous - left side
Where does the descending (thoracic) aorta begin and exit?
Begins on the left side of T4 and exits at T12
How does the aortic arch ascend and what are the branches coming off it?
Ascends above T4 and moves from right to left, front to back.
Branches: brachiocephalic artery/trunk (splits into RCC and RSubc), left common carotid and left subclavian
What veins drain into the superior vena cava?
The right and left brachiocephalic veins. Each brachiocephalic vein is comprised of a subclavian vein and internal jugula.
What are the parts and locations of the parietal pleura?
(1) Costal - outer edge
(2) Diaphragmatic - bottom/diaphragm
(3) Mediastinal middle/trachea
(4) Cervical - top
Where are the cardiodiaphragmatic recesses and cardiophrenic angles?
CD recess: lateral inferior edge of lung (outer corners) - effusion tends to collect here first
CP angles: medial inferior angles of the lungs (inner corners)
What are the fissures and lobes of each lung?
Right lung: upper, middle and lower lobes separated by the oblique and horizontal fissures
Left lung: upper and lower lobe separated by the oblique fissure
What are the 4 segments in the base of the right and left lung?
Anterior, medial, lateral, superior
What are the regions of the heart tube in early week 4?
Sinus venous, atrium, ventricle + bulbs, trunks arteriosus common artery, branches
What do these structures separate?
(1) Interatrial septum
(2) Interventricular septum
(3) Spiral septum
(1) Right and left atria
(2) The ventricles
(3) Separate outflow tracts and major arteries (AO+PA)
What are the two septa that divide the atrium?
- Septum primum
2. Septum secundum
What are the foramina in the septa?
Septum primum
- firstly the foramen osmium premim (temporary)
- secondary the foramen octium secundum
Septum secundum
- Foramen ovale (allows blood to flow from RA to LA)
What are the 3 parts of the ventricular septum?
(1) Muscular inter ventricular septum
(2) AV cushions - membraneous septum
(3) Spiral (conotruncal) septum
Structures in the circulatory system that close at birth
- intra-atrial septum (foramen ovale)
- ductus arteriosus
- umbilical arteries/vein
- ductus venous
Epithelium of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
Trachea - outer CT, Hyaline cartilage incomplete ring, pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
Bronchi - similar to trachea, more patchy cartilage, elastic tissue and smooth muscle
Bronchioles - more smooth muscle, less elastic, no cartilage
Alveoli - squamous cells (type 1 alveolar), surfactant cells, (type 2 alveolar)
What is the 1st, 2nd and 3rd division in respiratory system development?
1st - into primary bronchi wk 5
2nd - lobar bronchi (u, m, l)
3rd - segmental
Phases of lung histogenesis
Pseudoglandular (wk5-16): repeated branching
Canalicular (16-26): almost alveoli
Terminal sac phase (till and beyond birth): terminal epithelium flattens to become alveoli
Alveolar phase: postnatal when new alveoli continue to form
What is atresia and fistula?
Atresia - failure of recanalisation (gap in tube)
Fistula - incomplete separation (one tube branches onto another)
What is possible from 28 weeks onwards due to production of surfactant?
Normal lung function - gas exchange
What arteries supply the upper limb?
Axillary is a continuation of the subclavian
Brachial - splits into radial (deep palmar arch) and ulnar (superficial palmar arch)
Venous drainage of upper limb
Superficial: cephalic vein (lateral) and Basilic vein (medial)
Deep veins: venae commitantes
Arterial supply of lower limb
Femoral artery (femoral triangle) through adductor magnus and popliteal
Profunda femoris - posterior thigh
Posterior tibial - planter foot
Anterior tibial - dorsalis pedis
Venous drainage of lower limb
Superficial veins - long (great) saphenous which goes medially to posterior knee to upper thigh to femoral vein
Short saphenous is lateral and ends in popliteal
Deep veins - venae commitantes
Level of bifurcation of common carotid
C3-4
Where does external carotid travel
Begins C3-4, anterior to mastoid and deep to parotid and terminates within gland
What is the vertical ridge at the junction between the rough and smooth parts of the right atrium?
Crista terminalis
What do papillary muscles attach to?
Mitral and tricuspid valves via chordae tendinae
Branches of subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Internal thoracic
Location of subclavian vein
- begins at outer border of 1st rib
- lies in front of scalenus anterior
