Anatomy Flashcards
Cauda equina vs. pudendal nerve injury
Pudendal nerve injury - pregnancy with bowel/bladder incontinence
Cauda equina - Compression below conus medullaris L1. Bilateral nerve pain/hyporeflexia + saddle anesthesia
Hyperacuity
Increased activity of tensor tympani (V3 nerve-arch 1) or Decreased activity of Stapedius muscle (CN 7- arch2)
L2-S1 functions
L2 - hip flexion (iliopsoas) L3 - knee flexion (quads) L4 - Patellar reflex L5 - Tib ant (foot ext), Peroneus (eversion), toe extensors/dorsal sensory S1 - ankle reflex + gluts, hams, gastrocs (flexors)
B12 vs. Vit E/Friedrich’s AR ataxia
B12 = degeneration of dorsal columns/lateral corticospinal tracts Vit E/Friedrich’s = dorsal columns/spinocerebellar tracts
Numbness after appendix removal
L1 - Iliohypogastric (suprapubic sensation), ilioinguinal (sensation genitals/thigh), genitofemoral (motor genitals, cremasteric reflex)
Ataxia with proprioception intact
Cerebellar ataxia - DCML in charge of conscious proprioception (cuneatus - head, gracillus - bottom) - Dorsal spinocerebellar - unconconscious proprioception
hypogastric vs. pelvic splanchnic vs. pudendal nerve
hypogastric - sympathetic to bladder, bowel, genitals pelvic splanchnic - parasympathetic pudendal - somatic to external sphincters (includes inferior rectal)
Fall towards the lesion
Ipsilateral vestibular apparatus problem or cerebellum (if ipsi intention tremor/finger nose problem)
Fall with eyes closed but not open
DCML fall with eyes open = cerebellar
Amygdala damage
Kluver-bucy (hyperphagia, hypersexuality,) - associated HSV-1 encephalitis
Precuneus gyrus
Memory and spacial processing
Paracentral lobule
Mixed sensory and motor
Cuneus gyrus
Contralateral inferior visual field deficit
Lingual gyrus
Vision related to letters + analysis of logical conditions
Cingulate gyrus
Limbic system - Schizophrenics, Depression
Subcallosal gyurs
Serotonin receptors - Depression
Superior frontal gyrus
Laughter, executive function
Right vs left frontal lobe damage
Left = apathy, right = criminal
Blood brain barrier - what goes in and what is blocked?
Goes in: CO2, O2, Amino acids, glucose
Blocked: Dopamine (L-dopa is precursor and can cross)
Inferior frontal gyrus dominant hemisphere
Expressive (Broca) aphasia - agrammatic speech
Superior temporal gyrus
Wernicke aphasia
Angular gyrus
Dominant hemisphere - Gerstmann syndrome (bad planning, acalculia, agraphia - no writing, no calculating, normal reading)
Non-dominant - hemineglect of other side (lt side usually)
Communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus
Communicating: Old (NPH), Baby (Subarachnoid scarring from meningitis)
Non-communicating: Obstruction at aqueduct sylvius (between midbrain 3rd ventricle /pons 4th ventricle)
Broca and Wernice vascular supply
MCA
