Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Muscular System
A
- main purpose is to cause movement of the body parts
- system also helps w/ digestion and circulation
- made up of over 600 different muscles
2
Q
Voluntary Muscles
A
- one of the two main groups of muscles
- these muscles can be controlled consciously
- they move when you think about what you want them to do (i.e. lift arm)
3
Q
Involuntary Muscles
A
- one of the two main groups of muscles
- these muscles cannot be controlled consciously
- automatically do jobs w/o thinking about it
- run all important jobs in body (i.e. digestion, breathing)
4
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
- every muscle in the body is made of a particular type of this
5
Q
Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle
A
- three kinds of main muscle tissue
- attached to and moves the skeleton
- has stripes
- voluntary
6
Q
Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle
A
- three kinds of main muscle tissue
- found in walls of many organs and blood vessels
- no stripes
- involuntary
7
Q
Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle
A
- three kinds of main muscle tissue
- only found in heart
- network of striped muscle cells that never stop working
- involuntary
8
Q
Muscle Cells
A
- only cells in the body that can shorten (contract)
- *when a cell contracts it gets shorter, when it relaxes it returns to original size
- contracting and relaxing of _________ is what makes body move
9
Q
Tendons
A
- tough band of connective tissue that connects bones and muscles
10
Q
Flexor
A
- muscle that causes a joint to bend when it contracts
- i.e. when bicep contracts arm raises,
when tricep contracts arm straightens
11
Q
Extensor
A
- muscle that causes a joint to straighten when it contracts
- i.e. when tricep relaxes arm bends,
when bicep relaxes arm straightens
12
Q
Exercise
A
- when muscle cells do this (work), hey need more food and oxygen
- blood carries food and oxygen to muscle cells, so heart has to pump faster
- when done regularly, muscle can get bigger and more efficient
13
Q
Strain
A
- injury caused when a muscle is overstretched
14
Q
Cramp
A
- when a muscle contracts involuntarily
- can be painful and sometimes caused by too much exercise or not warming up muscles before exercising
15
Q
Soleus
A
- PLATARFLEXION: action of the calf muscles, including soleus, increases angle between foot and leg
- powerful muscles, vital in walking, running, and dancing
- important role in maintaining standing posture, constant pull -> w/o body would fall forward
16
Q
Quadriceps
A
- FLEXES thigh, EXTENDS leg, ADDUCTS leg
- also known as anterior thigh muscles
- function is to extend knee and/or flex hip, straightens knee and keeps knee straight when standing
- allows upper leg to move
- reacts w/ hamstrings and gastrocnemius
17
Q
Hamstrings
A
- any 1/3 posterior thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) that make up borders of space behind the knee, or corresponding tendons
- cross and act upon two joints: hip and knee
- Semitendinosus and semimembranosis EXTEND the hip when the trunk is fixed; also FLEX the knee and MEDIALLY (inwardly) ROTATE the lower leg when knee is bent
- long head of biceps femoris extends the hip as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee laterally (outwardly) rotates the lower leg when the knee is bent
18
Q
Adductors
A
- on the inside (medial) of the thigh
- FLEX, ADDUCT, and OUTWARDLY ROTATE the hip joint
19
Q
Gluteus Maximus
A
- muscle located on the posterior side of the hip
- EXTEND and OUTWARDLY ROTATE the hip joint
20
Q
Gastrocnemius
A
- located on back of lower leg, “calf” muscle
- assists w/ PLANTARFLEXION of ankle joint (pointing feet)
- if dancer stretches gastrocnemius and soleus after class, likelihood of achilles tendonitis is reduced
21
Q
Diagram: 1
A
Deltoid
22
Q
Diagram: 2
A
Pectorals
23
Q
Diagram: 3
A
Biceps
24
Q
Diagram: 4
A
External Obliques
25
Diagram: 5
Rectus Abdominus
26
Diagram: 6
Quadriceps
27
Diagram: 7
Tibialis Anterior
28
Diagram: 8
External Obliques
29
Diagram: 9
Adductors
30
Diagram: 10
Deltoid
31
Diagram: 11
Rhomboids
32
Diagram: 12
Erector Spinae
33
Diagram: 13
Trapezius
34
Diagram: 14
Triceps
35
Diagram: 15
Latissimus Dorsi
36
Diagram: 16
Forearm
37
Diagram: 17
Gluteus Medius
38
Diagram: 18
Gluteus Maximus
39
Diagram: 19
Hamstrings
40
Diagram: 20
Gastrocnemius
41
Diagram: 21
Soleus
42
External Forces
- pushes or pulls on the body that arise from sources outside of the body
- gravity (pulling), friction from the floor (pushing), contact with other dancers (push/pull), resistance of air (pushing)
43
Internal Forces
- forces that act on the body and arise from within the body
- muscle pulling bone, bone pushing another bone
- muscular forces can create and resist movement, many different ones may act in concert to produce a motion
44
Biomechanics
- the study of mechanics and movement in the human body, "physics of the body"
- mechanistic focus on the body adopted for analysis
- observes both kinematic and kinetic aspects of movement
45
Kinematics
- description of motion without regard for the forces producing motion
46
Kinetics
- looks at forces that produce motion and maintain equilibrium (balance)
47
Knee Contusion: Definition
- a contusion, commonly referred to as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured
48
Knee Contusion: Physical Symptoms
- black or blue appearance beneath the skin
- colour changes to green/yellow and starts to fade
- tenderness to touch
- immediate pain
- swelling
49
Knee Contusion: Treatment
- PRICE!!
- Applying ice/heat after first 24-72 hours
- ibuprofen
- stretching/mobility exercises is ROM is lost
- severe contusion may require medical attention (potential cartilage/ligament damage)
50
Knee Contusion: Prevention
- Warm Up
- Proper Technique
- Plié
- Careful when dancing
- Wear Protection
