Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular System

A
  • main purpose is to cause movement of the body parts
  • system also helps w/ digestion and circulation
  • made up of over 600 different muscles
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2
Q

Voluntary Muscles

A
  • one of the two main groups of muscles
  • these muscles can be controlled consciously
  • they move when you think about what you want them to do (i.e. lift arm)
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3
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A
  • one of the two main groups of muscles
  • these muscles cannot be controlled consciously
  • automatically do jobs w/o thinking about it
  • run all important jobs in body (i.e. digestion, breathing)
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4
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • every muscle in the body is made of a particular type of this
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5
Q

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle

A
  • three kinds of main muscle tissue
  • attached to and moves the skeleton
  • has stripes
  • voluntary
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6
Q

Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle

A
  • three kinds of main muscle tissue
  • found in walls of many organs and blood vessels
  • no stripes
  • involuntary
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7
Q

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle

A
  • three kinds of main muscle tissue
  • only found in heart
  • network of striped muscle cells that never stop working
  • involuntary
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8
Q

Muscle Cells

A
  • only cells in the body that can shorten (contract)
  • *when a cell contracts it gets shorter, when it relaxes it returns to original size
  • contracting and relaxing of _________ is what makes body move
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9
Q

Tendons

A
  • tough band of connective tissue that connects bones and muscles
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10
Q

Flexor

A
  • muscle that causes a joint to bend when it contracts
  • i.e. when bicep contracts arm raises,
    when tricep contracts arm straightens
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11
Q

Extensor

A
  • muscle that causes a joint to straighten when it contracts
  • i.e. when tricep relaxes arm bends,
    when bicep relaxes arm straightens
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12
Q

Exercise

A
  • when muscle cells do this (work), hey need more food and oxygen
  • blood carries food and oxygen to muscle cells, so heart has to pump faster
  • when done regularly, muscle can get bigger and more efficient
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13
Q

Strain

A
  • injury caused when a muscle is overstretched
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14
Q

Cramp

A
  • when a muscle contracts involuntarily

- can be painful and sometimes caused by too much exercise or not warming up muscles before exercising

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15
Q

Soleus

A
  • PLATARFLEXION: action of the calf muscles, including soleus, increases angle between foot and leg
  • powerful muscles, vital in walking, running, and dancing
  • important role in maintaining standing posture, constant pull -> w/o body would fall forward
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16
Q

Quadriceps

A
  • FLEXES thigh, EXTENDS leg, ADDUCTS leg
  • also known as anterior thigh muscles
  • function is to extend knee and/or flex hip, straightens knee and keeps knee straight when standing
  • allows upper leg to move
  • reacts w/ hamstrings and gastrocnemius
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17
Q

Hamstrings

A
  • any 1/3 posterior thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) that make up borders of space behind the knee, or corresponding tendons
  • cross and act upon two joints: hip and knee
  • Semitendinosus and semimembranosis EXTEND the hip when the trunk is fixed; also FLEX the knee and MEDIALLY (inwardly) ROTATE the lower leg when knee is bent
  • long head of biceps femoris extends the hip as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee laterally (outwardly) rotates the lower leg when the knee is bent
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18
Q

Adductors

A
  • on the inside (medial) of the thigh

- FLEX, ADDUCT, and OUTWARDLY ROTATE the hip joint

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19
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A
  • muscle located on the posterior side of the hip

- EXTEND and OUTWARDLY ROTATE the hip joint

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20
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • located on back of lower leg, “calf” muscle
  • assists w/ PLANTARFLEXION of ankle joint (pointing feet)
  • if dancer stretches gastrocnemius and soleus after class, likelihood of achilles tendonitis is reduced
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21
Q

Diagram: 1

A

Deltoid

22
Q

Diagram: 2

A

Pectorals

23
Q

Diagram: 3

A

Biceps

24
Q

Diagram: 4

A

External Obliques

25
Q

Diagram: 5

A

Rectus Abdominus

26
Q

Diagram: 6

A

Quadriceps

27
Q

Diagram: 7

A

Tibialis Anterior

28
Q

Diagram: 8

A

External Obliques

29
Q

Diagram: 9

A

Adductors

30
Q

Diagram: 10

A

Deltoid

31
Q

Diagram: 11

A

Rhomboids

32
Q

Diagram: 12

A

Erector Spinae

33
Q

Diagram: 13

A

Trapezius

34
Q

Diagram: 14

A

Triceps

35
Q

Diagram: 15

A

Latissimus Dorsi

36
Q

Diagram: 16

A

Forearm

37
Q

Diagram: 17

A

Gluteus Medius

38
Q

Diagram: 18

A

Gluteus Maximus

39
Q

Diagram: 19

A

Hamstrings

40
Q

Diagram: 20

A

Gastrocnemius

41
Q

Diagram: 21

A

Soleus

42
Q

External Forces

A
  • pushes or pulls on the body that arise from sources outside of the body
  • gravity (pulling), friction from the floor (pushing), contact with other dancers (push/pull), resistance of air (pushing)
43
Q

Internal Forces

A
  • forces that act on the body and arise from within the body
  • muscle pulling bone, bone pushing another bone
  • muscular forces can create and resist movement, many different ones may act in concert to produce a motion
44
Q

Biomechanics

A
  • the study of mechanics and movement in the human body, “physics of the body”
  • mechanistic focus on the body adopted for analysis
  • observes both kinematic and kinetic aspects of movement
45
Q

Kinematics

A
  • description of motion without regard for the forces producing motion
46
Q

Kinetics

A
  • looks at forces that produce motion and maintain equilibrium (balance)
47
Q

Knee Contusion: Definition

A
  • a contusion, commonly referred to as a bruise, is a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured
48
Q

Knee Contusion: Physical Symptoms

A
  • black or blue appearance beneath the skin
  • colour changes to green/yellow and starts to fade
  • tenderness to touch
  • immediate pain
  • swelling
49
Q

Knee Contusion: Treatment

A
  • PRICE!!
  • Applying ice/heat after first 24-72 hours
  • ibuprofen
  • stretching/mobility exercises is ROM is lost
  • severe contusion may require medical attention (potential cartilage/ligament damage)
50
Q

Knee Contusion: Prevention

A
  • Warm Up
  • Proper Technique
  • Plié
  • Careful when dancing
  • Wear Protection