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GI physiology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where does the appendix lie?

A

2/3 along the line between the umbilicus and the right anterior superior iliac spine.

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2
Q

what is the origin and course of the inferior/superior epigastric artery?

A

superior - arises from the thoracic artery from the subclavian. inferior - arises from the external iliac artery and atomises with the superior to supply the anterior abdominal wall.

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3
Q

what is the lower limit of the rectus sheath called?

A

the arcuate line.

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4
Q

what is the superior boundary of the inguinal ligament?

A

The roof is formed by the transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transversus abdominis.

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5
Q

what is the inferior boundary of the inguinal ligament?

A

The floor is formed by the inguinal ligament (a ‘rolled up’ portion of the external oblique aponeurosis) and thickened medially by the lacunar ligament.

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6
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the inguinal ligament?

A

The anterior wall is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique, and reinforced by the internal oblique muscle laterally.

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7
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the inguinal ligament?

A

The posterior wall is formed by the transversalis fascia.

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8
Q

what are the 9 anatomical regions?

A

right hypochondrial, epigastric, left hypochondrial, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

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9
Q

how are the 9 regions divided?

A

vertical lines = midclavicular lines on either side extending down to the mid-inguinal point. horizontal = inter tubercular plane (lower) and subcostal (upper).

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10
Q

what is the mid inguinal point/ midpoint of the inguinal ligamen

A

ASIS to pubic symphsis. ASIS to pubic tubercle.

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11
Q

what structures does the transpyloric plane cross? what level is it at?

A

pylorus of stomach, gall bladder, tail of pancreas, spleen, hilum of kidney(?). L1

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12
Q

what level is the subcostal plane?

A

L2. marks SMA and lower limit of spinal cord. conus medularis, caudal equina, film terminale.

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13
Q

what is mcburney’s point?

A

2/3 along the line between umbilicus and right ASIS.

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14
Q

what level is the umbilicus?

A

L3

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15
Q

intertubercular plane? level?

A

between two tubercles of the iliac crest. marks bifurcation of descending aorta into common iliac arteries.

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16
Q

intercristal place? level?

A

plane across highest point of the pelvis posteriorly and marks the place for lumbar puncture (between L4 and L5)

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17
Q

where is pain from the foregut felt?

A

epigastrum

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18
Q

where is pain from the midgut felt?

A

periumbilical area

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19
Q

where is pain from the hindgut felt?

A

suprapubic area

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20
Q

where is diaphragm pain felt?

A

shoulders.

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21
Q

where is kidney pain felt and why?

A

groin because same plexus supplying the gonads.

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22
Q

what are the attachments of the greater momentum?

A

greater curvature of stomach, transverse colon, under surface of diaphragm.

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23
Q

what spinal root/s does the ilioinguinal nerve come from?

A

L1. sensory to skin of anterior penis and scrotum and mons pubis for women.

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24
Q

what spinal root/s does the iliohypogastric nerve come from?

A

L1. sensory over gluteal region and pubis.

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25
Q

what spinal root/s does the lateral cutaneous nerve come from?

A

L2-L3. lateral compartment of thigh.

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26
Q

what spinal root/s does the femoral nerve come from?

A

L2-L4. anterior compartment of thigh.

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27
Q

what spinal root/s does the nerve genitofemoral come from?

A

L2. cremaster muscle.

28
Q

what spinal root/s does the obturator nerve come from?

A

L3-L4. medial compartment of thigh.

29
Q

what spinal root/s does the superior gluteal nerve come from?

A

L4-S1. gluteus minimus/medius.

30
Q

what spinal root/s does the inferior gluteal nerve come from?

A

L5-S2. gluteus maximus.

31
Q

what spinal root/s does the sciatic nerve come from?

A

L4-S3. posterior compartment of the thigh and leg and food.

32
Q

what spinal root/s does the pudendal nerve come from?

A

S2-S4. external anal sphincter, ejaculation, innervation to bulbospingiosus and ischiocavernosus and levator ani. sensory to penis and clitoris.

33
Q

what spinal root/s does the pelvic splanchnic nerve come from?

A

S2-S4. parasympathetic innervation of internal urethral sphincter, erection.

34
Q

what are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

SADPUCKER. suprarenal glands, aorta, duodenum (2+3), pancreas, ureters, colon (A+D), kidneys, esophagus, rectum

35
Q

name some intraperitoneal organs.

A

stomach, ileum, jejunum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, liver, gallbladder

36
Q

what are the dermatomes of the abdominal wall?

A

T7-T12

37
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

squamous epithelium lining the abdominal cavity.

38
Q

what is mesentery?

A

fused double layer of parietal peritoneum.

39
Q

why are the parietal and visceral peritoneums different?

A

different nerve supplies.

40
Q

which part of the liver is entirely above the costal margin?

A

left lobe.

41
Q

describe the blood supply to the stomach.

A

lesser curvature = left and right gastric arteries. right is from the common hepatic and left is from the celiac trunk. greater curvature supplied by left and right gastroepiploic arteries. left is from the splenic and right is from the gastroduodenal.

42
Q

what is the blood supply to the oesophagus?

A

superior 1/3 from inferior thyroid. middle 1/3 from aortic branches. inferior 1/3 from left gastric.

43
Q

what is the venous drainage of the stomach?

A

left and right gastroepiploic drain into the SMV and right and left gastric arteries drain into the PV.

44
Q

what is the venous drainage of the oesophagus?

A

superior 1/3 from inferior thyroid. middle 1/3 from azygous branches. inferior 1/3 from left gastric.

45
Q

what is the main lymph node of the abdomen?

A

preaortic celiac nodes. superior mesenteric lymph nodes which empty into the thoracic duct. and paraaortic nodes. drain into the cistern chyli.

46
Q

what branch of the vagus supplies the stomach?

A

anterior gastric nerve from left vagus. posterior gastric nerve from right vagus.

47
Q

what area do the short gastric arteries supply?

A

fundus

48
Q

how do you find the transpyloric plane?

A

half way between umbilicus and suprasternal notch. L1

49
Q

describe the formation of the portal vein.

A

the dog. the head is the portal vein. the SMV and SV join together as the body and the front leg to be the portal vein. the IMV drains into the splenic vein.

50
Q

what is a portosystemic anastomoses?

A

anastomoses between veins of the systemic and portal circulation.

51
Q

where does the large intestine begin?

A

ilio-ceacal valve. in the right iliac fossa.

52
Q

describe the blood supply to the large intestine.

A

the SMA gives rise to the ilio-colic, right colic and middle colic arteries which supply the ceacum, appendix, ascending colon, and 2/3 transverse colon. the IMA gives rise to the left colic and the sigmoid arteries and the superior rectal artery. all of the arteries anastomose. the SMA and IMA anastomose to make the marginal artery of drummond.

53
Q

what is the difference between the jejunal and ilio blood supply?

A

ileum= many arcades and short vasa recta. jejunum = few arcades and long vasa recta.

54
Q

what is Meckle’s diverticulum?

A

embryological remnant of attachment of midgut loop to yolk sac.

55
Q

what part of the gut is the liver from?

A

foregut

56
Q

what is the bare area?

A

in direct contact with diaphragm

57
Q

where are the caudate and quadrate lobes?

A

anatomically part of right liver but functional part of left liver, caudate is wrapped around the IVC whereas quadrate is wrapped around gallbladder.

58
Q

what valve does the gallbladder contain?

A

spiral.

59
Q

name the borders of Calot’s triangle and its clinical significance?

A

right border is cyclic duct. left border is common hepatic duct. superior border is right lobe of the liver. contains cytic artery and mascagni’s lymph node which becomes enlarged when gallbladder is inflamed.

60
Q

how is the lesser sac formed?

A

by the stomach rotating and trapping a space.

61
Q

name the parts of the gallbladder.

A

fundus, body, neck, cystic duct (with spiral artery)

62
Q

name the parts of the pancreas.

A

tail body head. pancreatic duct and accessory duct. lies in curvature of duodenum.

63
Q

why is the superior mesenteric artery and vein trapped in the pancreas?

A

during embryological development, the SMA formed the rotational access for the midgut. the ventral pancreas rotated to ouse with the dorsal pancreas and trapped the SMA.

64
Q

how does disease of then pancreas spread easily?

A

because it doesn’t have a capsule.

65
Q

where are the pancriaticoduodenal arteries found?

A

groove between head of duodenum and pancreas.

66
Q

give examples of porto-systemic anastomoses.

A

lower end of oesophagus. bare area.

GI physiology (4 decks)

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