Anatomy

Question 1

where is the heart situated?

Answer 1

middle mediastinum in the pericardial sac

Question 2

the fibrous pericardium is lined internally by what?

Answer 2

parietal serous pericardium

Question 3

the pericardial cavity is between what two serous layer?

Answer 3

parietal pericardium (on the internal side of the fibrous pericardium) and the epicardium.

Question 4

the epicardium secretes what?

Answer 4

pericardial fluid lubricant

Question 5

what is it called when the pericardial cavity fills with blood?

Answer 5

haemopericardium

Question 6

what is it called when there is pressure around the heart preventing cardiac contraction? (ie during a haemopericardium)

Answer 6

cardiac tamponade

Question 7

what is the name of the process where you drain fluid from the pericardial cavity?

Answer 7

pericardiocentesis

Question 8

what is the space within the pericardial cavity, that lies posterior to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 8

transverse pericardial sinus

Question 9

usually, where is the apex of the heart?

Answer 9

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 10

what is it called when the apex beat is shifted to the left?

Answer 10

cardiomegaly

Question 11

the right coronary artery is located where?

Answer 11

in the coronary groove

indicates tricuspid valve

Question 12

the LAD branch of the left coronary artery is located where?

Answer 12

the anterior interventricular groove (indicates septal between ventricles)

Question 13

what is located in the posterior atrioventricular groove?

Answer 13

coronary sinus

Question 14

what is the coronary sinus?

Answer 14

a short venous conduit which receives deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins

Question 15

what is located in the posterior interventricular groove?

Answer 15

posterior interventricular artery of the right coronary artery

Question 16

what takes up the majority of the base of the heart?

Answer 16

left atrium

Question 17

what lies in the left atrioventricular groove?

Answer 17

left main stem coronary artery?

Question 18

where do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 18

right and left aortic sinuses

Question 19

Coronary arteries are embedded within what type of tissue?

Answer 19

adipose tissue, just deep to the epicardium

Question 20

what is the name of the structure which divies the heart into a right and a left side?

Answer 20

septum

Question 21

what name is given to the condition where there is a hole in the interatrial septum?

Answer 21

atrial septal defect

Question 22

what name is given to the condition where there is a hole in the interventricular septum?

Answer 22

ventricular septal defect

Question 23

what is the life-threatening problem that can occur due to a septal defect?

Answer 23

mixing of arterial and venous blood

Question 24

how does the heart muscle pump ensure unidirectional flow?

Answer 24

the 4 cardiac valves- one valve at exit from the cardiac chamber

Question 25

what carries the fibres of the right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp of the tricuspid?

Answer 25

moderator band

Question 26

incompetent valves are leaky and cause?

Answer 26

regurgitation

Question 27

valves that are too tight are known as?

Answer 27

stenotic

Question 28

what is the thoracic inlet bounded by?

Answer 28

rib 1, T1 and the jugular notch

Question 29

what plane is between the sternal angle and T4/5?

Answer 29

transverse thoracic plane

Question 30

where is the thymus?

Answer 30

anterior mediastinum

Question 31

what is the function of the thymus?

Answer 31

a lymphoid gland that produces T lymphocytes in children.

Question 32

after puberty, what does the thymus become replaced with?

Answer 32

adipose tissue

Question 33

what 7 important structures lie within the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 33

1. oesophagus 2. azygos vein 3. sympathetic trunks 4. thoracic duct 5. vagus nerves 6. thoracic aorta 7. trachea and 2 main bronchi

Question 34

where do the intercostal veins drain?

Answer 34

posteriorly into the azygos vein

Question 35

the azygos vein arches anteriorly and drains into what structure?

Answer 35

superior vena cava

Question 36

what are the three branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 36

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian?

Question 37

name 5 branches from the thoracic aortas anterior surface.

Answer 37

1. bronchial arteries 2. oesophageal arteries 3. mediastinal arteries 4. pericardial arteries 5. phrenic arteries

Question 38

the right lymphatic duct drains lymph to where?

Answer 38

the right venous angle

Question 39

the thoracic duct drains lymph to where?

Answer 39

the left venous angle

Question 40

what is the swollen area of the start of the thoracic duct called?

Answer 40

cisterna chyli

Question 41

what is the opening in the diaphragm to allow the aorta to pass through called?

Answer 41

aortic hiatus

Question 42

the right phrenic nerve passes the diaphragm with what blood vessel in order to supply the diaphragm from the inferior aspect?

Answer 42

Inferior vena cava

Question 43

what is the name of the remnant of the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 43

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 44

what nerve passes under the ligamentum arteriosum and back to the larynx?

Answer 44

recurrent laryngeal branch of the left vagus nerve

Question 45

name the 3 nerves that pass through the mediastinum? | lateral to medial

Answer 45

phrenic vagus recurrent laryngeal

Question 46

what are the 8 central veins?

Answer 46

``` internal jugular veins subclavian veins brachiocephalic veins superior vena cava right atrium inferior vena cava iliac veins femoral veins ```

Question 47

what are the name of large veins close enough to the heart that they approx reflex the pressure in the right atrium?

Answer 47

central veins

Question 48

the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks under which artery before returning to the larynx?

Answer 48

right subclavian

Question 49

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks under which artery before returning to the larynx?

Answer 49

arch of the aorta

Question 50

what 3 types of nerves does the vagus nerve contain?

Answer 50

somatic sensory, somatic motor, parasympathetic

Question 51

What body parts do the somatic sensory nerve fibres of the vagus supply?

Answer 51

the palate laryngopharynx larynx

Question 52

what body part do the somatic motor nerve fibres of the vagus supply?

Answer 52

pharynx | larynx

Question 53

what body parts do the parasympathetic nerve fibres of the vagus supply?

Answer 53

thoracic and abdominal organs

Question 54

Once the vagus nerves have given off their recurrent laryngeal branch what nerve fibres do the contain?

Answer 54

only parasympathetic fibres

Question 55

the phrenic nerves supply somotatic motor to?

Answer 55

the diaphragm

Question 56

the phrenic nerves supply somatic sensory to?

Answer 56

the mediastinal parietal pleura, the fibrous pericardium, the diaphragmatic parietal pleura, the diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum

Question 57

pain from the diaphragm can often be referred to what body part?

Answer 57

the shoulder

Question 58

what do the recurrent laryngeal nerve muscles supply?

Answer 58

the muscles of the larynx

Question 59

what does the cephalic vein drain?

Answer 59

upper limb | superficial vein

Question 60

peripheral pulse: | brachial artery

Answer 60

medial to the biceps brachii tendon, in the cubital fossa

Question 61

peripheral pulse: | radial artery

Answer 61

lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis

Question 62

peripheral pulse: bifurcation of the common carotid

Answer 62

anterior to the sternocleiodomastoid, at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

Question 63

peripheral pulse: femoral artery

Answer 63

inferior to midpoint of the inguinal ligament

Question 64

peripheral pulse: popliteal artery

Answer 64

in the popliteal fossa

Question 65

peripheral pulse: posterior tibial artery

Answer 65

between the posterior border of the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon

Question 66

peripheral pulse: dorsalis pedis artery

Answer 66

medial to tendon of extensor hallicus longus on the dorsum of the foot

Question 67

Sympathetic nervous control of the heart do what 2 things?

Answer 67

1. increases heart rate | 2. increases contractility

Question 68

Parasympathetic nervous control of the heart does what 1 thing?

Answer 68

1. decreases heart rare

Question 69

what plexus do the autonomic nerves reach the heart via?

Answer 69

the cardiac plexus

Question 70

Pain fibres travel to spinal cord alongisde what type of autonomic nerves?

Answer 70

sympathetic nerves

Question 71

Visceral reflex afferents from baroreceptors travely mainly in what crainial nerve?

Answer 71

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 72

What type of fibre connects the CNS to the ganglion?

Answer 72

Presynaptic fibre

Question 73

What is the synapse between axon of presynaptic neurone and the cell body of postsynaptic neurone called?

Answer 73

ganglion

Question 74

What type of fibre connects the ganglion to the organ?

Answer 74

Postsynaptic fibre

Question 75

Presynaptic sympathetic fibres from the brain travel inferiorly within the spinal cord and exit the spinal cord at what vertebrae?

Answer 75

T1-L2/3

Question 76

Once the sympathetic presynaptic fibres leave the spinal cord what FIVE options can they take?

Answer 76

1. go into the ganglion of that level and synapse in the sympathetic chain 2. travel superiorly in the sympathetic chain to synapse at another ganglion 3. travel inferiorly in the sympathetic chain to synapse at another ganglion 4. pass straight through the sympathetic chain ganglion without synapsing and synapses at a prevertebral ganglia 5. pass straight to the adrenal medulla without synapsing at the sympathetic chain or the prevertebral ganglia

Question 77

What is the collective name of the sympathetic nerve fibres which don't synapse at the sympathetic chain but at the prevertebral ganglia?

Answer 77

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 78

what do the sympathetic fibres which pass straight to the adrenal medulla without synapsing in the sympathetic chain of the prevertebral ganglia stimulate?

Answer 78

the release of adrenaline

Question 79

what type of nerve fibres are involved in the cardiac plexus?

Answer 79

sympathetic fibres parasympathetic fibres visceral afferents

Question 80

cardiopulmonary splanchnic presynaptic nerves synapse where? | sympathetic nerve fibres

Answer 80

cervical and upper thoracic sympathietic chains

Question 81

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic functions?

Answer 81

III, VII, IX, X

Question 82

what type of autonomic function do pelvic spanchnic nerves have?

Answer 82

parasympathetic

Question 83

Parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse onto ganglia where?

Answer 83

within the walls of the organs

Question 84

what does vagal tone within the heart do?

Answer 84

slows the resting heart rate

Question 85

postsynaptic cardiac sympathetic efferent and cardiac visceral afferent travel in what type of nerves?

Answer 85

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

Question 86

Where are visceral afferent chemoreceptor nerve endings found in the heart?

Answer 86

root of the aorta and IV septum

Question 87

Where are 6 places visceral afferent nerve endings that detect stretch and chemicals in the heart located?

Answer 87

1. inner aortic arch 2. pulmonary trunk 3. around the SA node 4. outflow tracts from both ventricles 5. papillary muscles 6. vena cava

Question 88

what is pain in an anatomical way?

Answer 88

stimulation of sensory receptor, afferent action potential travels to the brain

Question 89

where do somatosensory APs bring body wall sensations into consciousness?

Answer 89

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Question 90

posterior rootlets are for what type of somatic function?

Answer 90

somatic sensory

Question 91

anterior rootlets are for what type of somatic function?

Answer 91

somatic motor

Question 92

Where do somatomotor APs that cause contractions of skeletal muscle originate?

Answer 92

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Question 93

Where does the reactivation of herpes zoster (shingles) occur?

Answer 93

posterior root ganglion

Question 94

In herpes zoster (shingles), what precedes the classic blisters?

Answer 94

pain in the dermatome of the reactivation of dormant virus

Question 95

Do the phrenic nerves descend anteriorly or posteriorly to the lung root?

Answer 95

anteriorly

Question 96

what is the name of feeling pain at a site remote to the actual area of injury?

Answer 96

referred pain

Question 97

where does the left coronary artery arise from?

Answer 97

the left aortic sinus

Question 98

where does the right coronary artery arise from?

Answer 98

the right aortic sinus

Question 99

what type of coronary blood supply dominancy is the most common?

Answer 99

right dominant pattern (ie right coronary artery supplies more areas of the heart than the left coronary artery)

Question 100

What are the 4 most common sites within the coronary arteries for narrowing due to atherosclerosis?

Answer 100

(in descending order of likelihood) 1. anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery 2. right coronary artery 3. circumflex branch of the left coronary artery 4. left main stem coronary artery.

Question 101

In the majority of patients from which coronary artery does the SA node obtain its blood supply?

Answer 101

right coronary artery near its origin

Question 102

In the majority of patients from which coronary artery does the AV node obtain its blood supply?

Answer 102

right coronary artery, near origin of posterior interventricular artery.