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PNS > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Shape of the eyeball

A

Rounded in shape with outward bulging anteriorly known as anterior chamber (1/6 of total eyeball)

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1
Q

Location of the eyeball

A

Anterior part of orbit (Bony cavity that places eyeball, muscle, fascia, fat and lacrimal apparatus)

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2
Q

Cavities of the eyeball

A

Anterior and posterior cavity

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3
Q

Anterior cavity of eyeball is divided into?

A

Anterior chamber and posterior chamber

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4
Q

Anterior chamber

A

From iris to cornea

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5
Q

Posterior chamber

A

From lens to iris

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6
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in the middle of iris between anterior and posterior chamber

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7
Q

Aqueous humor located in?

A

Anterior cavity (Anterior and posterior chambers)

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8
Q

Aqueous humor produced by?

A

Ciliary bodies inside posterior chamber and into anterior chamber through the pupil

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9
Q

Aqueous humor drained at?

A

Canal of schlemm inside anterior chamber

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10
Q

Posterior cavity filled with?

A

Vitreous body (vitreous humor), a gel-like material that is not replaced like the aqueous humor

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11
Q

Separates anterior cavity from posterior cavity

A

Lens

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12
Q

Lens

A

1) Avascular
2) Gets nutrition from aqueous humor
3) Has two unequal curvature (posterior is more rounded)
4) Covered by capsule (outer covering) and under it subcapsular epithelium and bulk inner lens fiber

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13
Q

Outermost, fibrous layer of eyeball

A

Sclera

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14
Q

Sclera

A

1) Most of it is white
2) Made of dense irregular connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fiber
3) Innervated by sensory and autonomic nerve fibers (to perform cranial reflexes)
4) Site of attachment of muscle (eyeball movement)

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15
Q

1) Covers external surface of sclera
2) From entrance of optic nerve to eye posteriorly to junction between white sclera and cornea (corneo-scleral junction) anteriorly

A

Facial sheath of eyeball

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16
Q

Sclera internally?

A

Loosely attached to choroid

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17
Q

Blood supply of sclera?

A

Blood vessels that runs with optic nerve

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18
Q

Specialised anterior part of sclera

A

Cornea

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19
Q

Cornea

A

1) “The transparent sclera”
2) Transparent avascular outward bulging of sclera over iris
3) Curvature with lens power 43 Diopter

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20
Q

Corneo-scleral junction

A

1) Contains limbus (canal of schlemm - scleral venous sinus) which responsible for drainage of aqueous humor

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21
Q

1) Normal cycle of production and absorption of aqueous humor is disrupted
2) Amount of fluid in anterior and posterior chambers increased
3) Intraocular pressure is increased
These will cause?

A

Glaucoma

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22
Q

Nerve supply of cornea

A

Short and long ciliary nerves

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23
Q

Special characteristics of cornea

A

1) Supplies by aqueous humor for nutrition and oxygenated directly from external air
2) Easily transplanted because it’s avascular (No rejection)

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24
Q

Layers of cornea

A

1) External non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
2) Anterior limiting membrane (Bowman’s membrane) which is basement membrane of stratified squamous epithelium
3) Stroma (several collagen layers aligned in right angle for transparency)
4) Posterior limiting membrane (Descemet’s membrane) which is membrane of endothelium
5) Inner simple squamous endothelium

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25
Q

Group of hole medial to axis which is pierced by numerous vessels and nerves including optic nerves into the sclera is called?

A

Lamina cribrosa

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26
Q

Middle layer of eyeball

A

1) Vascular pigmented coat

2) From behind: Choroid-> Ciliary body-> Iris

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27
Q

Posterior choroid represents?

A

2/3 of the vascular pigmented layer

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28
Q

Suprachoroidal lamina

A

1) Outer part of choroid that loosely attached to sclera

2) The pigmented part

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29
Q

Choriocapillary lamina

A

1) Vascular part

2) Inner region that rich in microvasculature (Nutrition of underlying retina)

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30
Q

Bruch’s membrane

A

Thin amorphous hyaline sheet that separates choriocapillary layer from underlying retina

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31
Q

1) Anterior continuation of choroid
2) Triangular-shaped structure
3) Between choroid and iris
4) Forms complete ring around eyeball

A

Ciliary body

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32
Q

Ciliary body composed of?

A

Ciliary muscles and ciliary processes

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33
Q

Ciliary processes

A

1) Longitudinal ridges projecting from ciliary body
2) Extending from it is zonular fibers that attach and hold the lens (Collectively form suspensory ligament of lens)
3) Production of aqueous humor

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34
Q

Ciliary muscles are either … or … ?

A

1) Circular; supplied by parasympathetic -> reduces tension of suspensory ligament of lens -> more circular -> near object
2) Meridian fibers; supplied by sympathetic-> increase tension of suspensory ligament of lens -> less circular -> far object

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35
Q

1) Completing vascular layer of eyeball anteriorly
2) Circular structure projecting outward from ciliary body
3) Colored part of the eye with central opening; pupil

A

Iris

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36
Q

Smooth muscles of iris composed of?

A

1) Sphincter pupillae muscle; parasympathetics -> fibers arranged in circular pattern -> constriction causes pupil to constrict
2) Dilator pupillae muscle; sympathetics -> fibers arranged in radial pattern -> constriction cause pupil to dilate

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37
Q

Iris color depends on?

A

Melanocytes

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38
Q

Blue eyes

A

Melanin is little -> Vein color predominates

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39
Q

Dark brown eyes (not black)

A

Lot of melanin

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40
Q

Light brown/green eyes

A

Less melanin than dark brown eyes additional to vein color (blue)

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41
Q

Retina is? and consists of?

A

1) Inner layer of eyeball

2) Outer pigmented layer and inner neural layer

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42
Q

Outer pigmented layer of retina

A

1) Firmly attached to choroid

2) Continues anteriorly over internal surface of ciliary body and iris

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43
Q

Neural layer of retina

A

1) Only posterior 3/4 part of retina
2) Only attached to pigmented layer around optic nerve and at ora serrata
3) Separates in case of detached retina

44
Q

Ora serrata

A

Junction between anterior nonvisual part of retina (Only pigmented layer) and posterior visual part (Both pigmented and neural layers)

45
Q

Neural retina has 3 major layers which consists of?

A

1) Outermost layer (close to pigmented layer) that consists of photosensitive cells; rods (large and thin, colorless vision) and cones (green, blue, red, same appearances)
2) Intermediate layer of bipolar neurons -> connects to rods and cones through horizontal cells
3) Internal layer of ganglion cells -> synapes with bipolar cells through amacrine cells and send out axons that converge to form optic nerve

46
Q

Special layers of neural retina

A

1) Outer plexiform layer (between outermost layer and intermediate layer); consists of horizontal cells
2) Inner plexiform layer (between intermediate layer and inner layer); consists of amacrine cells

47
Q

1) Optic nerve leaves the retina
2) Lighter than surrounding retina
3) Branches of central retinal artery spread from this point to supply retina
4) No light-sensitive receptor cells
5) Blind spot

A

Optic disc

48
Q

1) Lateral to optic disc
2) Yellowish coloration
3) Central depression of fovea centralis (thinnest area of retina, visual sensitivity is higher due to fewer rods and more cones)

A

Macula lutea

49
Q

Cones

A

1) Respond to bright light

2) Sensitive to color

50
Q

Rods

A

1) Function in dim light

2) Insensitive to color

51
Q

Origin of optic nerve (II)

A

Retinal of ganglion cells

52
Q

Function of optic nerve (II)

A

Vision

53
Q

Course of optic nerve (II)

A

Optic disc -> optic canal -> optic chiasma -> lateral geniculate body of thalamus -> visual area in the cortex (occipital lobe)

54
Q

Why increased ICP can affect vision?

A

Optic nerve is covered by the meninges

55
Q

Why pituitary gland tumor can affect vision?

A

Pituitary gland is below optic chiasma -> compression by the tumor

56
Q

Origin of oculomotor nerve (III) (parasympathetic)

A

Edinger westphal nucleus (midbrain)

57
Q

Origin of oculomotor nerve (III) (motor)

A

Oculomotor nucleus (midbrain)

58
Q

Function of oculomotor nerve (III)

A

1) Parasympathetic (sphincter muscle of iris and ciliary muscle)
2) Motor (all extraocular muscle except lateral rectus and superior oblique)

59
Q

Course of oculomotor nerve (III)

A

Midbrain -> between superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries -> lateral wall of cavernous sinus -> via superior orbital fissure to orbit
-> divides into superior and inferior branches parasympathetic goes with inferior branch -> ciliary ganglion -> leaves as short ciliary nerve

60
Q

Why aneurysm can affect oculomotor nerve (III) function?

A

Pass between superior cerebellar and post cerebral arteries -> compression by aneurysm

61
Q

Why brain hernia can affect oculomotor nerve (III) function?

A

Pass along free edge of tentorium cerebella -> compression by hernia

62
Q

Why cavernous sinus can affect oculomotor nerver (III)?

A

Being on lateral wall of cavernous sinus

63
Q

Origin of trochlear nerve (IV)

A

Trochlear nucleus (midbrain)

64
Q

Function of trochlear nerve (IV)

A

Supplies superior oblique muscle

65
Q

Course of trochlear nerve (IV)

A

Exit dorsally -> decussate ventrally -> along free edge of tentorium cerebella -> lateral wall of cavernous sinus -> via superior orbital fissure to orbit

66
Q

Which nerve has smallest number of axons?

A

Trochlear nerve (IV)

67
Q

Which nerve has longest intracranial course and the effect?

A

Trochlear nerve (IV) -> more prone to injury

68
Q

Why brain hernia affect trochlear nerve (IV)?

A

Pass along free edge of tentorium cerebella -> compression by hernia

69
Q

Why cavernous sinus thrombosis can affect trochlear nerve (IV)?

A

Being on the lateral wall of cavernous sinus

70
Q

Origin of trigeminal nerve (V) (Touch and pressure sensations)

A

Main sensory nucleus (pons)

71
Q

Origin of trigeminal nerve (V) (Pain and temperature)

A

Spinal nucleus (pons and medulla oblongata)

72
Q

Origin of trigeminal nerve (V) (proprioception)

A

Mesencephalic nucleus (midbrain)

73
Q

Origin of trigeminal nerve (V) (motor)

A

Motor nucleus (pons)

74
Q

Function of trigeminal nerve (V)

A

1) Ophthalmic branch -> only sensory for upper part of face
2) Maxillary branch -> only sensory for middle part of face
3) Mandibular branch -> sensory for lower part of face and motor for muscles of mastication (masseter, pterygoid and temporalis muscles), tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, and anterior belly of digastric muscle and the mylohyoid)

75
Q

Course of trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic branch)

A

Pons -> petrous part of temporal bone -> semilunar ganglion -> lateral part of cavernous sinus -> divides into lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches

1) Lacrimal -> lateral rectus muscle -> sensation to conjuctiva and upper eyelid
2) Frontal -> over levator palpebrae superioris -> supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves
3) Nasociliary -> over the medial rectus muscle

76
Q

Special notes on lacrimal branch of opthalmic branch (trigeminal nerve V)

A

Joined by zygomatical temporal branch of maxillary nerve which contains the parasympathetic secretomotor fibers to lacrimal gland

77
Q

Course of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (V)

A

Pons -> petrous part of temporal bone -> semilunar ganglion -> foramen rotundum -> pterygopalatine fossa -> branches (meningeal, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, ganglionic, posterior superior alveolar, middle superior alveolar, anterior superior alveolar)

78
Q

Course of mandibular branch of temporal nerve (V)

A

Pons as two roots (sensory to the semilunar ganglion and motor medial to it) -> foramen ovale -> infratemporal fossa (where sensory and motor roots join together to form main trunk); main trunk, anterior division, posterior division

79
Q

Posterior division of mandibular divides into? and supplies?

A

1) Lingual nerve -> sensory (taste) innervation for anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic innervation for salivary glands from facial nerve
2) Auriculotemporal nerve -> postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid

80
Q

Origin of abducent nerve (VI)

A

Abducent nucleus (pons)

81
Q

Function of abducent nerve (VI)

A

Supplies lateral rectus muscle

82
Q

Course of abducent nerve (VI)

A

Exit pons -> between pons and clivus -> inside cavernous sinus over carotid -> superior orbital fissure to orbit

83
Q

Facial palsy and likelihood injury

A

Facial colliculus (facial nerve loops around abducent nucleus) so facial palsy indicates facial nerve injury and this might be the same case with abducent nerve

84
Q

Why cavernous sinus thrombosis might affect abducent nerve (VI)?

A

Inside the cavernous sinus (not in the lateral wall) thus making this nerve most likely to get affected

85
Q

Why aneurysm can affect aducent nerve (VI)?

A

Over the carotid -> compression by aneurysm

86
Q

Origin of facial nerve (VII) (motor)

A

Main motor nucleus (pons)

87
Q

Origin of facial nerve (VII) (Parasympathetic)

A

Two parasympathetic nuclei; lacrimal and superior salivary (pons)

88
Q

Origin of facial nerve (VII) (sensory)

A

Upper part of tractus solitarius nucleus (pons)

89
Q

Function of facial nerve (VII)

A

1) Motor (facial expression muscles, stapedius and posterior belly of digastric muscles)
2) Parasympathetic; secretomotor for salivary glands (except parotid) and lacrimal glands
3) Sensory; taste sensation for anterior 2/3 of tongue

90
Q

Course of facial nerve (VII)

A

Two roots; motor root (the fibers of which form colliculus facialis) and sensory root (nevus intermedus; formed of sensory and parasympathetic fibers) -> both roots emerge between pons and medulla oblongata -> internal acoustic meatus -> inner ear -> running laterally -> medial wall of middle ear (giving branch to stapedius) -> stylomastoid foramen -> branch to posterior belly of digastric and occipitalis -> five main branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, cervical, mandibular)

91
Q

Sensory part course of facial nerve (VII)

A

Sensory part -> anterior 2/3 of tongue -> lingual nerve (branch of mandibular) -> chordae tympani -> joining the facial nerve. There cell bodies form the geniculate ganglion of facial nerve

92
Q

Parasympathetic to salivary glands course of facial nerve (VII)

A

Parasympathetic to salivary glands -> preganglionic fibers pass through the geniculate ganglion without synapsing -> chordae tympani -> lingual nerve -> submandibular ganglion -> postganglionic fibers -> glands

93
Q

Parasympathetic to lacrimal gland course of facial nerve (VII)

A

Parasympathetic fibers pass through the geniculate ganglion without synapsing -> greater petrosal nerve -> nerve of the pterygoid canal -> pterygopalatine ganglion

94
Q

Notes on facial nerve (VII)

A

Dorsal part of the nucleus that supplies muscles of upper part of face receives fibers from both cerebral hemispheres while the ventral part of the nucleus that supplies muscles of lower part of face receives only corticonuclear fibers from opposite cerebral hemisphere

95
Q

Origin of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (vestibular)

A

Vestibular ganglion

96
Q

Origin of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (cochlear)

A

Spiral ganglion in the modulus

97
Q

Function of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

1) Vestibular; equilibrium

2) Cochlear; hearing

98
Q

Course of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

Both vestibular and cochlear join in the internal auditory meatus -> they enter the brainstem in the cerebellopontine angle then:
Vestibular nerve -> vestibular nucleus
1) Superior: for reflexes
2) Medial: least specific
3) Inferior: communicate with the cerebellum
4) Lateral: forms the vestibulospinal tract
Cochlear: to anterior & posterior cochlear nucleus
-> to superior olivary nucleus (for localization)
-> trapezoid body -> lateral lemniscus -> medial geniculate body of thalamus
-> through acoustic radiation to auditory area of the cortex

99
Q

Origin of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (motor)

A

Nucleus ambiguous

100
Q

Origin of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (sensory)

A

Nucleus of tractus solitarius

101
Q

Origin of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (parasympathetic)

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

102
Q

Function of glossopharyngeal nucleus (IX)

A

1) Motor (stylopharyngeus muscle)
2) Sensory: General sensation of post 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, fauces and palatine tonsils, taste sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue, baroreception from carotid sinus
3) Parasympathetic: Parotid gland

103
Q

Course of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

A

Goes out to neck through jugular foramen
Sensation from baroreceptor in carotid sinus -> directly to nucleus of tractus solitarius
Both taste and general sensation goes to superior ganglion then to nucleus of tractus solitarius
Pharyngeal plexus (formed by IX, X, XI) -> tympanic plexus -> tympanic nerve -> to inferior ganglion parasympathetic -> to otic ganglion -> leave as auricotemporal nerve to parotid ganglion

104
Q

Origin of vagus nerve (X) (motor)

A

Nucleus ambiguous

105
Q

Origin of vagus nerve (X) (sensory)

A

Nucleus of tractus solitarius

106
Q

Origin of vagus nerve (X) (parasympathetic)

A

Solitary nucleus

107
Q

Function of vagus nerve (X)

A

1) Motor: pharyngeal constrictors and laryngeal muscles
2) Sensory: general and taste sensation of base of tongue epiglottis also from tympanic membrane and external auditory meatus
3) Parasympathetic: all parasympathetic innervations from neck down to distal third of transverse colon

PNS (1 decks)

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