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MSK > Anatomy 31 > Flashcards

Anatomy 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvis?

A

A bony ring formed by the articulation of the left and right innominate (hip) bones and the sacrum

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2
Q

What is the function of the pelvis?

A

Takes the weight of the body and transmits it to the lower limbs

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3
Q

What is the hip bone formed from?

A

3 separate bones
- the pubic bone,
- the ilium,
- the ischium,
which fuse at the acetabulum – the socket of the hip joint

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4
Q

Where do the hip bones articulate anteriorly with each other?

A

Pubic symphysis

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5
Q

Where do the hip bones articulate posteriorly with the sacrum?

A

At the sacroiliac joints

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6
Q

What do the superior and inferior pubic rami surround?

A

The obturator foramen

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7
Q

What passes through the obturator canal?

A

Allows vessels and nerves to pass between the pelvis and thigh

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8
Q

What is the uppermost part of the ilium?

A

Iliac crest

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9
Q

What are the parts of the femur?

A

Head, neck and shaft, and its distal end is expanded

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10
Q

What does the head of the femur articulate with?

A

The acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint

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11
Q

Where does the neck of the femur extend from?

A

The head

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12
Q

Where do the greater and lesser trochanters lie distal to?

A

The neck, they are sites of muscle attachment

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13
Q

Where does the intertrochanteric line lie?

A

Lies between the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior surface of the femur

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14
Q

What is the trochanteric fossa?

A

A small hollow on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter

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15
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A

A bony vertical ridge on the posterior aspect of the shaft of the femur.

It is a site of muscle attachment.

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16
Q

What is the distal end of the femur expanded to form?

A

The medial and lateral femoral condyles

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17
Q

What do the medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with?

A

The proximal tibia at the knee joint

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18
Q

What movements occur at the hip joint?

A

Flexion,
Extension,
Abduction,
Adduction,
Medial (internal) and
Lateral (external) rotation and
Circumduction

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19
Q

Which muscles flex the thigh at the hip joint?

A

Muscles in the anterior thigh

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20
Q

Which muscles adduct the thigh at the hip joint?

A

Muscles in the medial thigh

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21
Q

Which muscles extend the thigh at the hip joint?

A

Muscles in the posterior thigh

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22
Q

What movements occur at the knee joint?

A

Flexion
Extension

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23
Q

Which muscles extend the leg at the knee joint?

A

Muscles in the anterior thigh

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24
Q

Which muscles flex the leg at the knee joint?

A

Muscles in the posterior thigh

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25
Q

What does the fascia lata surround?

A

The thigh

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26
Q

What is the iliotibial band/tract?

A

A thickening of the lateral part of the fascia lata

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27
Q

What does the iliotibial band/tract attach to?

A

Attaches to the lateral aspect of the proximal tibia and is important for stabilising the knee joint

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28
Q

What does the intermuscular septa extend from?

A

The fascia lata to the linea aspera

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29
Q

What does the intermuscular septa separate?

A

Separates the thigh into anterior, medial and posterior compartments

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30
Q

Describe features of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

● primarily act as extensors of the knee.
Some of them act upon the hip joint.
● are innervated by the femoral nerve (spinal nerves L2-L4).

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31
Q

Which muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

● Quadriceps femoris – a group of four large muscles.
● Sartorius
● Iliopsoas
● Pectineus

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32
Q

Which muscle group are the prime extensor of the knee?

A

Quadriceps femoris

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33
Q

Which muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

A

● Rectus femoris
● Vastus lateralis
● Vastus medialis
● Vastus intermedius

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34
Q

Where do the muscles of the quadriceps femoris converge?

A

Onto the quadriceps tendon which runs over the patella
(kneecap) to insert onto the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.

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35
Q

Where does the rectus femoris lie?

A

In the midline of the anterior thigh

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36
Q

What is the rectus femoris attached to?

A

The AIIS proximally

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37
Q

What does the rectus femoris contribute to?

A

Flexion of the hip

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38
Q

Where does the vastus lateralis lie?

A

Lateral to the rectus femoris

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39
Q

What does the vastus lateralis attach to?

A

The linea aspera on the posterior aspect of the femoral shaft

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40
Q

Where does the vastus medialis lie?

A

Medial to rectus femoris

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41
Q

What does the vastus medialis attach to?

A

Linea aspera

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42
Q

Where does the vastus intermedius lie?

A

Lies deep to rectus femoris

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43
Q

What does the vastus intermedius attach to?

A

Attaches to the anterior aspect of the femoral shaft

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44
Q

Where does the sartorius lie?

A

Superficially in the anterior thigh

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45
Q

What does the sartorius attach to?

A

Attaches proximally at the ASIS

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46
Q

Where does the sartorius insert?

A

Inserts on the medial aspect of the proximal tibia
It crosses both the hip and knee joints.

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47
Q

What movements does the sartorius contribute towards?

A

It flexes and laterally rotates the hip joint and can flex the knee joint.

48
Q

Where does the iliopsas lie?

A

Lies proximally in the anterior thigh

49
Q

Where do the psoas major and iliacus converge?

A

Converge via a common tendon onto the lesser trochanter of the femur

50
Q

Which muscle is the prime flexor of the hip joint?

A

Illiopsoas

51
Q

Where does the pectineus lie?

A

Lies in the proximal anterior thigh, medial to iliopsoas

52
Q

What does the pectineus attach to?

A

Attaches proximally at the superior pubic ramus and distally on the femur, just inferior to the lesser trochanter.

53
Q

What movements does the pectineus execute?

A

Flexes and adducts the hip joint

54
Q

Describe features of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A

● primarily act as adductors of the hip.
● are innervated by the obturator nerve (spinal nerves L2-L4).

55
Q

What do the adductors in the medial compartment of the leg play an important role in?

A

Normal gait as they help to draw the leg back towards the midline as we walk

56
Q

What muscles are found in the medial thigh?

A

● Adductor brevis
● Adductor longus
● Adductor magnus
● Gracilis
● Obturator externus

57
Q

Where are the points of attachment of the adductor brevis and adductor longus?

A

Pubic bone and the linea aspera

58
Q

Where does the adductor brevis lie?

A

Deep to longus

59
Q

Which nerve lies between the adductor brevis and adductor longus?

A

Obturator nerve

60
Q

What is the adductor magnus?

A

Large muscle that has an adductor part and a hamstring part

61
Q

What does the adductor part of the adductor magnus attach to?

A

The inferior pubic ramus and the linea aspera

62
Q

What is the adductor part of the adductor magnus innervated by?

A

Obturator nerve

63
Q

What does the hamstring part of the adductor magnus attach to?

A

The ischial tuberosity and the adductor tubercle

64
Q

What is the adductor hiatus?

A

Is a gap formed between the distal attachments of the two
parts of adductor magnus

65
Q

What travels through the adductor hiatus?

A

The femoral artery and vein travel through the adductor hiatus to enter the posterior thigh

66
Q

What is the gracilis?

A

Most medial muscle

67
Q

What does the gracilis attach to?

A

Attaches to the pubic bone and the medial aspect of the tibia

68
Q

What type of muscle is the gracilis?

A

It is a weak adductor and flexor of the hip and a weak flexor of the knee.
It is not a prime mover

69
Q

What is the obturator externus attached to?

A

The external surface of the obturator membrane

70
Q

What does the obturator externus insert on?

A

The femur near the greater trochanter

71
Q

What is the function of the obturator externus?

A

It stabilises and laterally rotates the hip joint

72
Q

Which artery is the femoral artery a continuation of?

A

External iliac artery

73
Q

Where does the femoral artery travel?

A

It travels deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the proximal anterior thigh

74
Q

Where does the femoral artery lie?

A

Lies relatively superficially here and can be palpated

75
Q

Which artery does the femoral artery give a large branch of?

A

Profunda femoris (deep artery of the thigh) which travels deep into the thigh and supplies it

76
Q

What course does the femoral artery take?

A

Continues distally, traverses the adductor hiatus and enters the distal part of the posterior thigh (the popliteal fossa)

77
Q

What artery does the femoral artery become when it enters the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

78
Q

Which artery is the obturator artery a branch of?

A

Internal illiac actery

79
Q

Where does the obturator artery travel through?

A

Travels through the obturator canal into the medial compartment of the thigh.

It anastomoses with branches from the femoral artery.

80
Q

What course does the femoral vein take?

A

Follows the course of the femoral artery

81
Q

Where does the femoral artery lie?

A

Lies medial to the femoral artery in the proximal thigh

82
Q

Where does the femoral vein travel under?

A

Inguinal ligament

83
Q

Which vein is the femoral vein continuous with?

A

External iliac vein

84
Q

Which course does the obturator vein take?

A

Follows the course of the obturator artery

85
Q

What does the obturator vein travel through?

A

Obturator canal

86
Q

Which vein does the obturator vein join at the pelvis?

A

Internal iliac vein

87
Q

Which spinal nerves is the femoral nerve formed from?

A

L2 - L4

88
Q

Where does the femoral nerve travel?

A

Travels deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the proximal anterior thigh lateral to the femoral artery

89
Q

What is the saphenous nerve?

A

A sensory branch of the femoral nerve that innervates skin over the leg

90
Q

Which spinal nerves form the obturator nerve?

A

L2 - L4

91
Q

Where does the obturator nerve travel?

A

It travels along the lateral wall of the pelvis and exits through the obturator canal

92
Q

Where does the obturator nerve emerge?

A

It emerges onto the superficial surface of adductor brevis

93
Q

What does the obturator nerve give rise to?

A

Gives rise to branches that innervate the medial compartment muscles and skin over the medial thigh

94
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

Clinically important region of the proximal anterior thigh

95
Q

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle formed by?

A

The medial border of sartorius

96
Q

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle formed by?

A

Lateral border of adductor longus

97
Q

What is the superior border of the femoral triangle formed by?

A

Inguinal ligament

98
Q

Where is the apex of the femoral triangle?

A

Where sartorius and adductor longus meet

99
Q

What is the floor of the femoral triangle formed by?

A

Iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially

100
Q

Which artery can be palpated and accessed in the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral artery

101
Q

Where does the femoral vein lie?

A

Medial to the femoral artery

102
Q

What does the femoral vein receive in the femoral triangle?

A

It receives an important tributary in the femoral triangle
– a superficial vein called the great saphenous vein.

103
Q

Where does the femoral nerve lie?

A

Lateral to the femoral vein

104
Q

Where does the femoral nerve travel?

A

Travels deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the anterior thigh

105
Q

Where do the femoral artery and vein lie in the femoral triangle?

A

Lie superficially and are vulnerable to penetrating injuries.

Because of their superficial position, bleeding vessels can be
compressed at the mid-inguinal point

106
Q

What does a ‘fractured hip’ refer to?

A

A fracture of the femoral neck

107
Q

What is a contributing factor to a fracture of the femoral neck?

A

Osteoporosis

108
Q

What is the typical finding on examination of a fracture of the femoral neck?

A

Shortening and lateral rotation of the affected limb compared to the uninjured limb

109
Q

What can a fracture of the femoral neck lead to?

A

May tear the vessels that supply the femoral head and neck, leading to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.

110
Q

Where can the femoral artery be accessed?

A

In the femoral triangle, which is commonly undertaken for coronary angiography

111
Q

What can the femoral nerve be blocked by?

A

Infiltrating local anaesthetic around it.
This is used to relieve pain in lower limb fractures.

112
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

This is an abnormal protrusion of intestine into the upper anterior thigh. It is more common in females.

The intestine passes deep to the inguinal ligament and causes a lump to appear in the inguinal region or upper thigh.

Strangulation of the herniated intestine leads to ischaemia and infarction of the tissue.

113
Q

What is obturator nerve irritation?

A

Ovarian pathology, such as a cyst, may irritate the nerve as the obturator nerve lies close to the ovary.

This typically results in sensory abnormalities (tingling, itching or pain) in the medial thigh

114
Q

What type of dislocation of the patella is more common?

A

Lateral dislocation, because the femur is angled obliquely relative to the tibia and so the angle of the pull of quadriceps is also oblique.

115
Q

How are the distal fibres of the vastus medialis arranged?

A

Arranged horizontally and these usually resist lateral movement of the patella

MSK (10 decks)

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