Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the pure sensory cranial nerves?
A
I, II, VIII
2
Q
What are the mixed motor and sensory nerves?
A
V, VII, IX, X
3
Q
What is the only nerve that doesn’t originate within the cranial cavity?
A
XI - Accessory nerve
4
Q
What are the pure motor nerves?
A
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
5
Q
Which nerves carry parasympathetic components?
A
III, VII, IX, X
6
Q
What are the 4 peripheral sensory ganglia?
A
ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, submandibular
7
Q
What nerves supply each of the pharnygeal arches?
A
Arch 1 - V3
Arch 2 - VII
Arch 3 - IX
Arch 4&6 - X
8
Q
Which nerves carry GVA components?
A
IX and X
9
Q
What peripheral sensory ganglia carry the cell bodies of nerves IX and X?
A
inferior and superior sensory ganglia
10
Q
How does sympathetic innervation get to the cranium?
A
pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord T1-T2; course superiorly to the cervical chain ganglia; post-ganglionics form the peri-arterial carotid plexus; then branches to innervate targets
11
Q
What foramen carries the optic nerve?
A
Optic canal
12
Q
What runs in the optic canal?
A
optic nerve and ophthalmic branch of the ICA
13
Q
Where does the vagus nerve exit the cranial cavity?
A
jugular foramen
14
Q
What is the path of venous drainage from the eye?
A
cavernous - superior/inferior petrosal - sigmoid - IJV
15
Q
What’s the path of venous drainage from the sagittal sinuses?
A
superior/inferior sagittal - straight - transverse - sigmoid - IJV
16
Q
What are the attachments of the tentorium cerebelli?
A
Anterior: posterior clinoid process
Lateral: temporal bone
Posterior: occipital bone
17
Q
What are the 4 dural partitions?
A
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
18
Q
What’s the part of the skull that is vulnerable to injury and lies over the middle meningeal artery?
A
pterion
19
Q
Through what foramen passes the middle meningeal artery?
A
foramen spinosum
20
Q
What does the diaphragma sellae cover?
A
the pituitary
21
Q
What pierces the diaphragma sellae?
A
the pituitary stalk
22
Q
What 2 veins does the superior sagittal sinus communicate with?
A
emissary and diploic veins
23
Q
What 2 veins communicate with the sigmoid sinus?
A
mastoid and condyloid emissary veins
24
Q
How do the cavernous sinuses communicate with each other?
A
via intercavernous sinuses
25
With what does the cavernous sinuses communicate?
ophthalmic veins, pterygoid plexus (veins of the deep face), and superior/inferior petrosal sinuses
26
What nerves innervate the meninges?
- trigeminal nerve (all 3 branches)
| - meningeal nerve branch off V3 enters via foramen spinosum
27
A dural sinus is formed from what layers of the dura mater?
periosteal dura and meningeal dura
28
What drains via arachnoid villi? and where do they drain?
- CSF
| - into dural sinuses
29
What is the mental protuberance?
the chin of the mandible
30
What skull bone is the mastoid process part of?
temporal bone
31
What is the origin and attachment of the sternocleidomastoid musle?
from manubrium/clavicle to the mastoid process
32
What are the contents of the carotid sheath?
common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
33
What are the borders of the thyroid gland?
lateral: carotid sheath post, SCM anterior
anterior: strap muscles
posterior: prevertebral fascia
medially: trachea and esophagus
34
What are the contents of the visceral or pre-tracheal fascia of the neck?
esophagus, trachea, thyroid
35
Where is the buccopharyngeal fascia located?
the posterior portion of the pretracheal fascia
36
How far does the retropharyngeal space extend?
base of the skull down into the thorax
37
What is the boundary between the anterior and posterior triangles?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
38
What are the borders of the anterior triangle?
superior: mandible
medial: midline
lateral: sternocleidomastoid
39
What are the borders of the posterior triangle?
medial: sternocleidomastoid
inferior: clavicle
lateral/posterior: trapezius
40
Where does the omohyoid muscle originate?
originates medial to suprascapular notch
41
What is the nerve point of the neck and what nerves branch here?
punctum nervosum; great auricular runs anterior to ear; lesser occipital runs posterior to ear; transverse cervical runs directly anterior
42
Where is the punctum nervosum located?
midpoint of the SCM
43
What set of cutaneous nerves forms in between the ventral ramus of C3 and C4, and where do they run?
Supraclaviculars: medial, intermediate, lateral; run down over the clavicle
44
The platysma is the muscle of...
facial expression
45
What is the major superficial vein of the neck and what 2 cutaneous veins from the head form it?
External jugular vein; retromandibular and posterior auricular vein
46
What are the 3 subdivisions of the anterior triangle?
muscular
carotid
submandibular
47
What are the borders of the muscular anterior triangle?
superior belly of omohyoid, SCM, and midline
48
What are the main contents of the muscular anterior triangle?
strap muscles and thyroid gland
49
What does the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid muscle attach to?
clavicle
50
Name the superficial and deep strap muscles.
superficial: sternohyoid and omohyoid
deep: sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
51
What are the lobes of the thyroid gland?
left and right, isthmus, and pyramidal (not always present)
52
What are the levels that supply the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
53
What is the ansa cervicalis?
nerve loop between branch from C1 and branch from C2/C3 that innervates the strap muscles
54
The hypoglossal nerve travels with...
the ansa cervicalis
55
What is the only strap muscle not innervated by the ansa cervicalis, and what innervates it?
the thyrohyoid, and it's innervated by C1 which travels with the hypoglossa nerve
56
What nerve comes mainly from C4 but also has contributions from C3 and C5?
phrenic nerve
57
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
lateral: SCM
inferior: superior belly of omohyoid
superior: posterior belly of ac
58
At what level does the common carotid branch into internal and external?
upper level of thyroid cartilage, @C4
59
Which of common, external, and internal have branches in the neck, and how many?
External carotid only--8 branches
60
What cartilage makes the Adam's apple?
thyroid cartilage, especially the laryngeal prominence
61
What suspends the larynx from the hyoid bone?
the thyrohyoid membrane
62
What ligament extends inferiorly from the thyroid cartilage and to where?
the cricothyroid ligament, attaches to the cricoid cartilage
63
Where does the median cricothyroid ligament run?
anterior midline between thyroid and cricoid cartilage
64
What are the arytenoids?
bilateral pyramidal cartilages that sit behind the trachea and above the cricoid
65
What do the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages support?
arytenoid cartilages and wall of the laryngeal vestibule, resp.
66
What is the epiglottis?
cartilage attached to the posterior thyroid and base of the tongue; closes off airway during swallowing
67
What does the Superior laryngeal nerve innervate?
inlet, vestibule, and ventricle&saccule of larynx
68
What structures are located in the laryngeal inlet?
epiglottis mucosa, aryepiglottic fold, and interarytenoid notch mucosa
69
In what region is the conus elasticus found?
glottic space
70
What does the ventricle & saccule contain?
muscosa (lining ventricle) and sacculus
71
What does the inferior laryngeal nerve innervate?
infraepiglottic space
72
What does the vestibule contain?
mucosa of quadrangular membrane and vestibular fold
73
What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Vagus nerve: superior laryngeal nerve branch
74
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, and vocalis
75
What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
adjust tension in vocal ligaments, open/close the rima glottidis, control inner vestibule, facilitate closing of laryngeal inlet
76
What is the mucosa folded over the arytenoid cartilage called?
interarytenoid fold
77
What are the piriform recesses?
located on either side of the epiglottis
78
What is the vestibular fold?
one of two folds within the larynx, above the ventricle and vocal fold
79
What is the interarytenoid gap?
the midline space in between the arytenoid cartilages
80
What runs through the piriform recess?
the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
81
The thyroid cartilage comes together anteriorly to...
the anterior junction of the right and left vocal folds
82
Where is the ventricle located?
in between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold
83
Where does the conus elasticus originate and attach?
originates from the arch of the arytenoid cartilage laterally and inserts on the vocal ligament medially
84
Which laryngeal folds/ligaments come together during speaking/singing?
only the vocal folds, not the vestibular folds (unless you're a Tuban throat singer)
85
What is the axis of movement of the arytenoids?
look up in the podcast
86
How far down does the infraglottic space extend?
to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
87
What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?
internal: sensory, taste, PS motor
external: cricothyroid muscle
88
What muscle, when it contracts, produces a high pitched sound?
cricothyroid muscle; pulls the cricoid cartilage downward and stretches the vocal ligaments to make a higher pitched sound
89
What muscle is responsible for adduction and abduction of the vocal folds?
lateral cricoarytenoid = adduction
| posterior cricoarytenoid = abduction
90
What does the aryepiglottic muscle do?
draws aryepiglottic folds together
91
What does the thyroepiglottic do?
draws the epiglottis downward
92
What are the 5 characteristics of epiglottic function on the voice?
1. level of adduction
2. thickness of vocal folds
3. length of vocal folds
4. tension on vocal folds
5. breath
93
What is the rima glottidis?
the space between the vocal folds; bigger when the folds are abducted
94
How does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve get into the larynx?
through a space piercing the thyrohyoid membrane
95
What functional components does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve have?
GSA (mucosa), GVE (PS), SA (taste)
96
When does the recurrent laryngeal nerve become the inferior laryngeal nerve?
once it passes the cricothyroid joint
97
What is the vascular supply of the larynx?
laryngeal branches off inferior thyroid artery; branches of the superior laryngeal artery
98
What are the borders of the posterior triangle?
anterior/medial: SCM
posterior: trapezius
inferior: clavicle
99
The vagus nerve runs in the neck between...
esophagus and trachea
100
What are the 3 scalene muscle?
anterior, middle, and posterior
101
Where do the scalenes originate and insert?
transverse cervical processes; first and second rib
102
Which vertebra has a transverse foramen but no artery in it?
C7
103
What lies in the scalene triangle?
phrenic nerve, brachial plexus and subclavian artery
104
What lies anterior to the scalene triangle?
subclavian vein
105
What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery, related to tension in the scalenes/scalene triangle
106
What are the branches of the subclavian artery?
Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk, and dorsal scapular
107
What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
- inferior thyroid
- ascending cervical
- transverse cervical
- suprascapular
108
What are the branches of the costocervical trunk?
- highest intercostal
| - deep cervical
109
Where does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity?
foramen magnum
110
What does the inferior thyroid artery supply, and how does it travel there?
lower pole of thyroid gland; travels posteriorly to the carotid sheath, ascending on the anterior scalene muscle
111
What does the ascending cervical artery supply?
anterior scalene and some other neck muscles
112
What does the transverse cervical artery supply?
trapezius muscle
113
What ties down the phrenic nerve on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene?
the suprascapular and transverse cervical arteries
114
Where does the dorsal scapular artery travel through?
it's variable but usually it goes posterior underneath levator scapulae and rhomboids, weaving through brachial plexus on the way
115
Where does the accessory nerve run in relation to SCM and trapezius?
bottome of the superior 1/3 of SCM and superior border of the inferior 1/3 of trapezius
116
The shape of the atlanto-occipital joint allows for what movement?
nodding
117
What forms the axis for rotational movement of the head?
dens
118
What happens when both SCMs contract?
neck flexes
119
if the accessory nerve is affected on the right side, what movements would be affected
- shoulder elevation (trapezius)
| - chin elevation and contralateral rotation (SCM)
120
What nerve follows the ICA?
internal carotid nerve
121
What forms the superior cervical ganglion?
C1-4
122
What forms the middle cervical ganglion?
C5-6
123
What do C7-8 and T1 form?
stellate ganglion or cervicothroacic ganglion
124
What ganglion lies near the vertebral artery?
parasympathetic ganglion
125
What is the deep cervical chain?
lymph nodes running along the jugular vein
126
What is the jugular digastric node?
lymph node in the neck that is swollen and palpable when sick
127
Where do the lymphatic nodes of the neck empty into?
the lymphatic trunk, which joins the thoracic duct, as it enters the subclavian/IJV junction
128
From which cervical segment comes phrenic nerve?
C5
129
What cervical segments give rise to the long thoracic nerve?
C5-6-7
130
Where does the pharynx run from and to?
from base of the skull to C6
131
What is the sphenoid bone and what are its important landmarks?
the bat-shaped bone; pterygoid process and hamulus; lesser wing and anterior clinoid process in front; medial and lateral pterygoid plates on the inferior surface
132
Where is the pterygomandibular raphe?
within the mouth, it extends from the hamulus to the mandible
133
The cavity of the pharynx is divided into what 3 divisions?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
134
What nerves are in the pharyngeal plexus?
- GVE/PS from vagus(X)
- GVE/S from cervical sympathetic ganglia
- GSA from glossopharyngeal(XI)
135
What are the structural layers of the pharyngeal wall?
mucosa; submucosa or pharyngobasilar fascia; muscular; buccopharyngeal fascia
136
What is the orientation of the muscle layers surrounding the pharynx?
longitudinal muscles internal
circumferential layers external
(opposite of GI tube)
137
In what region of the pharynx are the buccopharyngeal and pharyngobasilar fascia the only support layers, any why?
in the uppermost pharynx; because there is no muscle layer here
138
What parts of the temporal bone do the pharyngeal muscles utilize?
the stylohyoid ligament and styloid process
139
What part of the temporal bone makes up the majority of the temporal fossa?
squamous part of temporal bone
140
Which part of the temporal bone extends anteriorly?
zygomatic process
141
What are the 2 major processes of the temporal bone and which direction do they extend?
mastoid process and styloid process, both extend inferiorly
142
The mastoid process is the origin for what muscles?
SCM and posterior digastric muscles
143
What bone landmarks lie between the mastoid and zygomatic processes?
external acoustic meatus and mandibular fossa
144
What is the most lateral portion of the sphenoid bone?
the greater wing
145
Where is the pterygoid process?
lateral base of the sphenoid bone, deep to the mandible and zygomatic arch
146
The hamulus is a process of which bone and section?
the sphenoid bone, and medial pterygoid plate
147
What are the origins of the superior constrictor muscle?
inferior medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, and pterygomandibular raphe,
148
What are the origins of the middle constrictor muscle?
inferior stylohyoid, and the lesser and greater horns of hyoid bone
149
What are the origins of the inferior constrictor muscle?
oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and arcus tendineus
150
What is a common insertion point of all the constrictor muscles, and where is it located?
pharyngeal raphe in the posterior midline of the pharynx
151
Where does the pharyngeal raphe run?
pharyngeal tubercle superiorly (anterior to foramen magnum) to blend inferiorly with the muscles of the esophagus
152
What is the primary function of the palatopharyngeal sphincter?
to constrict and close off the nasopharynx during swallowing
153
Where does the stylopharyngeus muscle extend?
from the styloid process to the thyroid cartilage, internally to the constrictor muscles
154
What is the importance of the cricopharyngeus muscle?
it is the upper esophageal sphincter, keeps stomach contents contained; potential site for diverticulum; makes eructation
155
What are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
1. stylopharyngeus
2. salpingopharyngeus
3. palatopharyngeus
156
What is the main function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
To raise the larynx and wall of pharynx during swallowing
157
What passes between the middle and inferior constrictor muscles?
the internal branch of the superior pharyngeal nerve, as well as the superior pharyngeal artery
158
What passes superiorly to the superior constrictor?
part of auditory tube, levator veli palatini, ascending palatine of facial artery, palatine branch of asc. pharyngeal artery
159
What passes between the superior and middle constrictor muscles?
the stylopharyngeus muscle, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the lingual artery
160
What passes below the inferior constrictor muscle?
the recurrent laryngeal nerve as well as the laryngeal branch of the inferior thyroid artery
161
What's the cricopharyngeus?
circular muscle that lies at the bottom of the inferior constrictor and serves as the UES
162
Where are the choanae located?
opening from nasal cavity to nasopharynx posteriorly, between the conka, which are the curved bones
163
What is the torus tubarius?
the opening to the auditory tube which runs from the middle ear to the nasopharynx
164
What is the salpingopharyngeal fold?
fold that extends downward from the torus tubarius; there's the muscle underneath
165
What's the dingle-dangle thing in the back of your mouth?
uvula
166
Is the palatopharyngeal fold superior or inferior to the salpingopharyngeal fold?
inferior
167
The pharyngoepiglottic fold covers what muscle as it runs where to where and through what?
stylopharyngeus, as it runs styloid process to thyroid cartilage through the gap between superior and middle constrictor muscles
168
What are the side borders of the piriform recess?
thyroid cartilage laterally and cricoid cartilage medially
169
What is the first branch of cranial nerve IX and what does it carry?
tympanic nerve, carrying PS fibers to the otic ganglion (to parotid gland) and GSA from tympanic cavity
170
Describe the superior and inferior sensory ganglia.
they are a set of paired ganglia for each nerves IX and X
171
What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
IX, glossopharyngeal; a brachiomeric muscle
172
Cranial nerve IX afferents carry sensation from what?
posterior 1/3 of tongue--both SA and GSA
173
What innervates the wall of the upper 2/3 of pharynx?
pharyngeal branches of CNIX (GSA)
174
GVA fibers to carotid sinus are carried by which nerve?
CN IX
175
What receptor types are found in the carotid sinus?
baroreceptors, GVA
176
Inferiorly, around C2, what nerves travel in the carotid sheath?
9, 10, and 12
177
Where is the levator veli palatini located?
base of the lumen of the auditory tube
178
The tonsils are located anteriorly and posteriorly to what mucosal folds?
palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal
179
What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?
palatoglossal fold
180
What folds form "little valleys" on either side of the base of the tongue?
lateral and medial glossoepiglottic folds
181
What arteries contribute to the pharynx?
- inferior thyroid artery and its pharyngeal branches
- ascending pharyngeal artery from medial ECA
- facial artery
- lingual artery
- maxillary artery
182
In which part of the pharynx do the digestive and respiratory tracts cross?
oropharynx
183
What are the tonsillar pillars?
mucosal folds of the oropharynx overlying the palatopharyngeal (post) and palatoglossus (ant) muscles, with palatine tonsils in-between
184
What is the junction between the oral cavity and oropharynx?
palatoglossal fold
185
What muscle lies deep to the palatoepiglottic fold?
stylopharyngeus muscle
