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Block 4 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to…

A

urogenital ridge

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2
Q

urogenital ridge gives rise to…

A

kidneys, bladder, gonads

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3
Q

3 developmental stages of kidneys

A
  1. pronephros
  2. mesonephros
  3. metanephros
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4
Q

Nephron

A

structural and functional unit of the kidney that consists of corpuscle and tubules

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5
Q

Mesonephric duct

A

originally connects the mesonephros to the cloaca; aka Wolffian duct and develops into the trigone of bladder wall; further differentiates in male vs. female

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6
Q

Mesonephros

A

functions between week 6 and 10

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7
Q

paramesonephric duct

A

aka Mullerian ducts; will develop in the female into uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina; they are lost in male

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8
Q

metanephros

A

permanent kidney

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9
Q

metanephric blastema

A

initial kidney nephron

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10
Q

ureteric bud

A

forms the kidney’s drainage system including the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

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11
Q

Where are the most common insertions of an ectopic ureter in the female?

A

vagina, vestibule, or urethra

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12
Q

What is an ectopic ureter?

A

ureter extends from kidneys into pelvis but doesn’t empty into bladder

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13
Q

What is renal agenesis and what are the combinations/consequences?

A

kidney fails to develop

if unilateral it’s fine, but if bilateral it’s deadly (Potter sequence)

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14
Q

What is PCKD?

A

cysts in kidney collecting ducts; progressive and results in renal failure

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15
Q

Potter sequence

A
  • caused by oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid)
  • facial deformities
  • club hands
  • hypoplastic lungs
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16
Q

kidney ascent

A

the metanephros begin in the pelvis but rise

but actually the body grows down

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17
Q

Pelvic kidney

A

one kidney fails to ascend and remains in the pelvis; benign condition

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18
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

to kidneys fail to ascend end their inferior poles fuse; causes ureter to run right on top of the inferior kidney loop

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19
Q

Cloaca

A

hindgut

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20
Q

Urorectal septum

A

divides the cloaca into anorectal canal and urogenital sinus

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21
Q

anorectal canal

A

forms anal canal and rectum

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22
Q

urogenital sinus

A

forms bladder and below: urethra, prostate gland and lower vagina

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23
Q

Which ends up more superior: ureter or vas deferens?

A

vas deferens - loops around over top of ureter

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24
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

the cells that will give rise to gametes; they are their own cell line and start out the same

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25
Q

Where do the primordial germ cells originate?

A

Umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

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26
Q

Where do the primordial germ cells migrate to?

A

primordium of gonad (not yet differentiated), bilaterally

27
Q

What is the gonadal ridge?

A

precursory to gonads; gives rise to sex cords

28
Q

What duct gives rise to the male and female genital tract, respectively?

A

Wolffian/mesonephric–>male

Mullerian/paramesonephric–>female

29
Q

What are the primary sex cords of each sex?

A

male–seminiferous tubules

female–primordial follicles

30
Q

What are the main sex determinant in males?

A
  • TDF
  • MIF
  • testosterone
  • DHT & 5a-reductase
31
Q

what weeks see the indifferent gonads?

A

weeks 4-7

32
Q

what is the prostatic utricle?

A

remnant of mullerian duct in the male

33
Q

what is the descent of the testes?

A

around 6/7mo the testes descend along the gubernaculum

34
Q

processes vaginalis

A

the extension of parietal peritoneum to scrotum

35
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

captured piece of peritoneum within the testes that makes a serous membrane for frictionless movement

36
Q

What structures are formed from the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct?

A

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle

order leading to testes

37
Q

Estrogen stimulates development of what structures?

A

paramesonephric duct –> uterine tube, uterus, upper vagina

external genitalis –> clitoris, labis, lower vagina

38
Q

round ligament of uterus

A

extends from the uterus through the sex cord and eventually ends in the mons pubis

39
Q

The fusion of what two structures forms the uterus?

A

left and right uterine tubes which are formed from the mesonerphic ducts

40
Q

most common uterine defect

A

bicornate uterus, where the ducts don’t fuse all the way or the uterine septum fails to recede all the way

41
Q

anatomical divisions of the uterus

A

oviduct/uterine tube, lumen, cervix, fornix, vagina, hymen

42
Q

anatomical portions of the indifferentiated external genitalia

A

genital tubercle
cloacal fold/membrane
urethral groove
anal fold

43
Q

scrotal raphe

A

the midline of the scrotum that is closed in genitalia differentiation

44
Q

hyposadia

A

failure of complete closure of the urethral groove in male development

45
Q

episadia

A

failure of complete closure of the anterior abdominal wall where the bladder is exposed as well as the dorsal penis

46
Q

hydrocele

A

accumulation of fluid in the testes, specifically within the tunica vaginalis

47
Q

congenital indirect inguinal hernia

A

a persistent process vaginalis, so parts of SI herniate

48
Q

common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasis: excess androgens

49
Q

what is the condition where an individual has 46,XX genotype, internal female organs, and external masculine genitalia?

A

female pseudohermaphroditism

50
Q

male pseudohermaphroditism

A

stunted testicular and female-like external genitalia but no ovarian tissue; commonly caused by too little testosterone, MIF, and 5alpha reductase

51
Q

What condition is caused by defective AR gene?

A

Androgen insensitivity, or Testicular Feminization Syndrome

52
Q

what germ layer are kidneys developed form?

A

mesoderm

53
Q

what forms the nephron/filtration system?

A

the blastema (mesoderm)

54
Q

what forms the collecting ducts/drainage system?

A

ureteric bud

55
Q

How are the ureters formed, and how do 2 form?

A
  • starting from ureteric bud

- can form 2 ureteric buds or one ureteric bud can split

56
Q

what is the urorectal septum?

A

mesodermal layer that separates the cloaca into the rectal/anal canal and the urogenital sinus

57
Q

allantois

A

entrance/exit axis for the umbilicus

58
Q

What forms the prostate gland?

A

UG sinus

59
Q

what forms the bladder, urethra, and lower vagina?

A

UG sinus

60
Q

What are the courses of the urethra in males?

A

prostatic part, membranous, penile, glanular

61
Q

when does the primordial germ cell migration begin?

A

week 6

62
Q

What do the primordial germ cells do when they arrive at the gonad?

A
  • the female cells will undergo meiosis I

- male cells will stay dormant until puberty

63
Q

what is inside the urogenital ridge?

A

nephrogenic cord, which forms the excretory tubules for the kidneys

Block 4 (2 decks)

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