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MSK Midterm > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Mostly axons covered by myelin sheet (oligodendrocytes).

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1
Q

What makes up gray matter?

A

Mostly cellular components: cell bodies of neurons and astroglia, dendrites covered by synapses

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2
Q

Define CNS vs PNS.

A

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system: cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves; ganglia.

The cells types that populate both are identical with very few exceptions.

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3
Q

Define somatic vs autonomic.

A

Functional division of the peripheral nervous system. Somatic nervous system is under voluntary control (e.g., control of skeletal muscle).

Autonomic is under involuntary control (i.e., unconscious processes and visceral functions).

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4
Q

What is the developmental origin of the neurons and glia of the CNS?

A

Develop from the neural tube, originally from the ectoderm. The progenitor cells divide and remain within the neural tube.

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5
Q

What is the developmental origin of the neurons and glia of the PNS?

A

Develop from the neural crest; progenitors divide and migrate away from the neural tube.

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6
Q

Describe the function and characteristics (in general) of neurons.

A

Function: receive, process, and integrate signals (electrical, ionic and chemical).

  • Do not divide in the adult nervous system (postmitotic, terminally differentiated)
  • contain a cell body (including nucleus), dendrites, axon, terminals of axon (nerve ending)
  • most polarized cell (signal can only go one way)
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7
Q

What does the neuronal axon contain, and not contain?

A

DOES contain: neurofilaments, microtubules (kinesins and dyneins - “molecular motors”), and mitochondria.

DOES NOT contain: ribosomes or Golgi (no protein synthesis)

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8
Q

Functions of the neuronal cell body?

A
  1. Biosynthesis of proteins, other macromolecules (e.g. lipids) metabolites (e.g. ATP, cAMP, etc)
  2. Trafficking & sorting of macromolecules, cytoplasmic organelles and “recycling”
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9
Q

What is the structural/functional features of dendrites?

A
  • They are motile extensions of the neuronal perikaryon
  • they contain microtubules and ribosomes for active protein biosynthesis to act locally
  • they are the receptive surfaces of neurons, forming dendritic spines
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10
Q

Describe the 2 types of axonal transport.

A

Fast: membrane-associated, bidirectional
Slow: cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic, unidirectional

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11
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • provide mechanical/structural support to the neurons
  • react to injuries (gliosis: proliferation or hypertrophy)
  • provide metabolic support (nourish neurons: glucose, take up toxic metabolites: glutamate, regulate access to brain parenchyma)
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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • have multiple processes

- wrap axons to form the multilayered myelin sheets: provides electric insulation

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13
Q

Node of Ranvier

A
  • the gap between myelin segments on an axon

- enables, fast, efficient travel of impulses (saltatoric/jumping)

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14
Q

Microglial cells

A
  • resident immune cells of the CNS
  • phagocytose cellular debris
  • monocytic origin
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15
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • line the cerebral ventricles and the central canal

- involved in CNF production and circulation

16
Q

What are 3 layers of connective tissue surround bundles of nervous tissue?

A

From inside out: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

17
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • main supporting cells of the PNS (NOT found in CNS)
  • they produce the myeline and enwrap all large diameter axons (greater than 1 micrometer)
  • myelin in the PNS is multiple layers of Schwann cell plasma membrane wrapped around an axon
18
Q

Ganglia (pl.)

A
  • clusters of sensory (e.g., dorsal root ganglia) or autonomic (sympathetic or parasympathetic) neuron cell bodies
19
Q

Which type of sensory receptor responds to pain?

A

Free nerve endings

21
Q

Which type of sensory receptor responds to light touch?

A

Meissner corpuscle (especially dense in the skin covering fingers and lips) (tornado looking); located in the dermal papillae; more densely found in fingertips

22
Q

Which type of sensory receptor responds to pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscle (onion)

23
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsible for the full feeling in the bladder or the colon?

A

Pacinian corpuscle (onion)

24
Q

Which type of sensory receptor responds to vibration?

A

Krause cell (high density of these in the clitoris and the penis)

25
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle, and which are striated?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal and cardiac are striated.

26
Q

Describe the organization of skeletal muscle fibers.

A
  1. Sarcomere: one contractile unit (from Z-line to Z-line) made up of thick and thin filaments
  2. Myofibril: surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum (which contains Ca2+), made up of sarcomeres end-to-end
  3. Muscle fiber: surrounded by endomysium, contains myofibrils
  4. Muscle fascicle: surrounded by perimysium, contains muscle fibers
  5. skeletal muscle: surrounded by epimysium, contains muscle fascicles
27
Q

What innervates the pectoralis major?

A

The lateral pectoral nerve.

28
Q

What innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

The medial pectoral nerve.

29
Q

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A
  1. Supraspinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Teres minor
  4. Subscapularis
30
Q

What causes a winged scapula?

A

A compromised long thoracic nerve.

31
Q

What innervates the trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11)

32
Q

The rotator cuff pull the humeral head in what direction?

A

Inferiomedially

33
Q

What innervates the deltoid?

A

The axillary nerve.

34
Q

Where is the internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

It’s in the epidural space, along with fat.

35
Q

For which vertebra is a cervical spinal nerve named?

A

The vertebrae below the nerve

36
Q

For which vertebra is a thoracic or lumbar spinal nerve named?

A

For the one below

37
Q

What layers do you permeate (from outside to in) to perform a lumbar puncture?

A
  1. skin
  2. fascia
  3. ligamentum flavum
  4. epidural space (internal vertebral venous plexus and fat)
  5. dura mater
  6. subdural space
  7. arachnoid mater
  8. subarachnoid space
38
Q

What sensory receptor is for sustained light touch?

A

Merkel cells, located in the basal cell

39
Q

What cell responds to stretching, twisting, tension, and/or torque?

A

Ruffini corpuscle

MSK Midterm (9 decks)

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