Anatomy Flashcards
Investing layer:
Surrounds the whole neck and contains SCM and trapezius
4 layers of fascia in the neck
Investing fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath
Pre tracheal layer
Most anterior
Muscular layer contains infrahyoid m. Most anterior, formed by contributions from buccopharyngeal fascia.
Visceral part. Houses thyroid gland oesophagus and trachea
Prevertabral fascia.
Layer surrounding vertebral column and associated muscles: scaleanus, dep muscle of back and prevertebral.
Anterior portion of the fascia attaches to transverse process of vertebral bodies of vertebral column. Posteriorly it attaches along the ligamentous nuchae.
In the inferior region of the neck the fascia surrounds the brachial plexus and subclavian artery, where it is known as the axillary sheath.
Carotid sheath:
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
What structures are transmitted through thr superior orbital fissure?
Ocular motor nerve
trochlea are nerve
Ophthalmic branches: lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary
Abducens
Ophthalmic vein
Sympathetic fibres from cavernous sinus (trigeminal nerve)
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
Zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve
Ascending branches of pterygopalatine ganglion.
Infra orbital artery
Inferior ophthalmic vein
What is transmitted through the optic cannal?
Optic nerve
Optic artery
What happens to tears as they leave the lacrimal duct?
Tears secreted collect in the fornix conjunctiva of the upper lid, and pass over the eye surface to the lacrimal puncta, small holes found at the inner corner of the eyelids. These pass the tears through the lacrimal canaliculi on to the lacrimal sac, in turn to the nasolacrimal duct, which dumps them out into the nose
Optic nerve:
Though classified as a cranial nerve, it is actually an extension of the forebrain. The nerve carries afferent fibers from the ganglion cells of the retina through the optic canal to cross to the opposite side in the optic chiasm. The crossed and uncrossed fibers of this portion of the visual pathway enter the cranial cavity to the geniculate bodies, superior colliculus and pretectum.
Occulomotor nerve
The oculomotor nerve arises from the accessory oculomotor nucleus and oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain, emerging above the pons. This nerve exits the middle cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure to supply the ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles. The superior branch supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior branch supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles.
Before this nerve exits via the superior orbital fissure they must pass through thr cavernous sinus.
Trochlea nerve
4th cranial nerve
This is the smallest of the cranial nerves. It arises from the trochlear nucleus in the back of the midbrain and emerges at the side of the pons. It exits the middle cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure to supply the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
Also passes through cavernous sinus
Abducent nerve
This nerve emerges from the abducens nucleus in the pons above the pyramid. It passes through the superior orbital fissure to supply the lateral rectus muscle.
Also passes through cavernous sinus
Trigeminal nerve:
The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve emerges from the trigeminal ganglion and the motor root from the trigeminal motor nucleus in the pons. The nerve divides into the ophthalmic, mandibular and maxillary divisions at the trigeminal ganglion
V1: supraaorbital Foramen
V2: infraorbital foramen
V3: foramen ovale
Ophthalmic nerve v1
This division of the trigeminal nerve passes from the trigeminal ganglion through the superior orbital fissure. Branches of this nerve include the: i) meningeal branch, ii) frontal, iii) lacrimal and iv) nasociliary nerves. It innervates the skin of the forehead, upper eyelid, nasal mucous membranes and sinuses.
Maxillary nerve:
This division of the trigeminal nerve passes from the trigeminal ganglion into the pterygopalatine fossa to distribute ganglionic branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Branches of this nerve include the infraorbital, meningeal, nasopalatine, pharyngeal, posterior superior alveolar, zygomatic, posterior superior medial and lateral nasal branches and greater and lesser palatine nerves.
This nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the cheek, upper lip, lower eyelid, as well as mucous membranes of the palate, teeth, gingiva, nasal cavity and maxillary sinus.
What type of epithelium is conjunctivita?
Non- keratinised stratified squamous/ columnar
Cranial nerve 1:
Olfactory, special afferent, involved in smell
Cranial nerve 2:
Optic nerve, special afferent involved in vision
Were do cranial nerves one and two arise from?
Fore brain
Cranial nerve three
Parasympathetic visceral to pupillary muscles
Somatic efferent to extra ulnar muscles
Occulomotor nerve(all the rectus apart from lateral rectus)
Cranial nerve 4:
Trochlear nerve
Somatic efferent
Extraorcullar muscles(superior oblique)
Cranial nerve 5
Trigeminal nerve
Branchial efferent to muscles of mastication
Somatic afferent to sensory of face and orrifices
Where do cranial nerve three and 4 arise from?
Midbrain
Cranial nerve 6:
Abducens
Somatic efferent supplies the extraorcullar muscle, lateral rectus
Cranial nerve 7
Facial nerve
Branchial efferent to muscles of facial expression
Special afferent taste
Parasympathetic visceral efferent to salivary and lacrimal glands
Located in pons: exits skull through stylomastoid foramen emerges from the parotid gland
Cranial nerve 8:
Vestibulocochlear is special afferent involved in hearing and balance
Inner ear to pons and is associated with sense of gearing and balance. Exits via internal acoustic meatus in temporal bone.
Cranial nerve 9:
Glossopharyngeal
Special afferent to taste
Visceral afferent to carotid body, tongue, middle ear and the pharynx
Branchial efferent to muscles of pharynx
Parasympathetic visceral efferent to the parotid gland
Located in medulla oblongata
Associated with gag reflex
Leaves through jugular foramen
Vagus nerve:
Visceral afferent to the pharynx, larynx, chest and abdominal organs
Special afferent for taste
Branchial efferent to muscles of larynx, pharynx and palate and organs of chest and abdomen.
In medulla oblongata
EXITs through jugular foramen
Cranial nerve number 11:
Branchial efferent to trapezius and SCM.
Exits through jugular foramen
Arises from medulla oblongata
Cranial nerve 12:
Hypoglossal
Somatic efferent to tongue muscles
Arises from medulla oblongata
Exits skull through hypoglossal canal
What passes through the cavernous sinus?
Cranial nerves 3, 4 and 6.
Where is the CSf found in accordance to the meninges?
Between the pia matter and arachnoid matter
Dura matter can be described as an …
Internal periosteum