Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SUGER > Anatomy 24 > Flashcards

Anatomy 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anterior borders of the inguinal canal?

A
  • External oblique aponeurosis
  • Laterally only: internal oblique aponeurosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the posterior borders of the inguinal canal?

A
  • Transversalis fascia
  • Medially only: medial fibres of the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis (which are together known as the conjoint tendon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the roof of the inguinal canal?

A
  • Transversalis fascia
  • Arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the floor of the inguinal ligament?

A

Inguinal ligament (which is the ‘rolled-up ’lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A
  1. Round ligament of the uterus
  2. Ilioinguinal nerve
  3. Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In males where are the contents of the inguinal canal (except for one) all contained within?

A

Spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which content of the inguinal canal in males is NOT contained in the spermatic cord?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can the contents of the spermatic cord be divided into?

A

2 nerves
3 arteries
3 fascial layers
4 other structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 nerves in the spermatic cord?

A
  • Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
  • Sympathetic nerve fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 arteries in the spermatic cord?

A
  • Testicular artery
  • Cremasteric artery
  • Artery to the vas deferens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 fascial layers in the spermatic cord?

A
  • External spermatic fascia (derived from the external oblique aponeurosis)
  • Cremaster muscle and fascia (derived from the internal oblique muscle)
  • Internal spermatic fascia (derived from the transversalis fascia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 other structures found in the spermatic cord?

A
  • Pampiniform venous plexus
  • Lymphatics
  • Vas deferens (plural: vasa deferentia)
  • Processus vaginalis (derived from the peritoneum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a hernia?

A

An abnormal protrusion of tissues or organs from one region into another through an opening or defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why may hernias of the anterior abdominal wall occur?

A

Muscles are weak or have been incised during surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

A protrusion of abdominal contents (normally part of the
greater omentum or loops of small intestine) through the anterior abdominal wall into the inguinal canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Intra-abdominal contents are forced through the deep
inguinal ring and into the canal
The abdominal contents may even be forced along the
canal and through the superficial ring.
From here, the hernia may extend into the scrotum in males or into the labia majora in females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of hernia is more common?

A

Indirect hernias as they are more likely to get stuck in the canal and become ‘irreducible’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can hernias become a surgical emergency?

A

Herniated tissue can ‘strangulate’ and become ischaemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Intra-abdominal contents are forced through the posterior wall
of the inguinal canal and directly through the superficial ring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to the herniated abdominal contents in direct inguinal hernias?

A

The herniated abdominal contents do not pass through the deep inguinal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give features of scrotal skin

A

Thin
Wrinkled
Darkly pigmented than elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is found underneath the scrotal skin?

A
  • Thin layer of superficial fascia
  • Thin, involuntary muscle called the dartos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does the superficial fascia extend?

A

Between the testicles to form a septum dividing the scrotum into right and left halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does each half of the scrotum contain?

A

Testis
Epididymis
Lower part of the spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

Sex hormone testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the testes?

A

Ovoid structures which are covered by the same 3 layers of spermatic fascia that cover the spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the testes partially surrounded by?

A

A sac derived from the peritoneum called the tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A coiled tube lying along the posterior border of each testis, which has an expanded head superiorly, a body and a pointed tail lying at the lower pole of the testis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where are the spermatozoa formed?

A

In the testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are the spermatozoa stored?

A

Epididymis

32
Q

What does the vas deferens do?

A

Carries sperm from the epididymis and travels with the testicular vessels in the spermatic cord

33
Q

What are the testicular arteries direct branches of?

A

Abdominal aorta

34
Q

Where does venous blood from the testis and epididymis enter?

A

The pampiniform venous plexus

35
Q

What does the pampiniform venous plexus form?

A

Testicular vein

36
Q

What does the right testicular vein enter?

A

Inferior vena cava

37
Q

What does the left testicular vein join?

A

Left renal vein

38
Q

What is hydrocoele?

A

Painless swelling caused by accumulation of peritoneal fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis around the testis

39
Q

What happens when a light is shone through a hydrocoele and what is it called?

A

Light can be seen from the other side, called transillumination

40
Q

What is transillumination used for?

A

Diagnosis of scrotal swellings

41
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Abnormal dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus

42
Q

What are varicoceles often described as?

A

Feeling like a ‘bag of worms’ on palpation due to the dilated veins

43
Q

Which side are varicoceles more common on and why?

A

Left side, due to the fact that the left testicular vein drains into
the left renal vein before it drains into the inferior vena cava

44
Q

What does a left-sided varicocele often warrant?

A

Intra-abdominal investigation to exclude a tumour that may be obstructing its venous drainage

45
Q

What is epididymo-orchitis?

A

Painful inflammation of the epididymis and testis

46
Q

What is epididymo-orchitis in a younger patient often caused by?

A

A sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia or gonorrhea

47
Q

What is epididymo-orchitis in an older patient often caused by?

A

Urinary tract infection

48
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of the testis on the spermatic cord

49
Q

What can testicular torsion lead to?

A

Ischaemia of the testis and is a surgical emergency

50
Q

What can testicular torsion lead to if left untreated?

A

Can lead to necrosis and loss of the affected testis

51
Q

What treatment can be used for testicular cancer?

A

Surgery to remove the testis and a length of cord (orchidectomy) with chemotherapy or radiotherapy if required.

52
Q

What happens if testicular cancer metastasizes?

A

It will likely follow the lymphatic drainage which follows the testicular arteries back to lymph nodes around the aorta

53
Q

Where does testicular cancer first metastasize?

A

Para-aortic or retroperitoneal lymph nodes

54
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

During fetal development the testes form in the abdomen and descend through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum before birth
If this fails to occur, the infant is born with one or both testes absent from the scrotum, and the affected testis will be stuck
somewhere along the path of descent

55
Q

What happens if the undescended testis is left inside the abdomen?

A

There is an increased risk of testicular cancer, so undescended testes are often brought into the scrotum surgically

56
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Means of male sterilisation (permanent male contraception)

57
Q

What happens during a vasectomy?

A

Relatively uncomplicated surgical procedure where the scrotum is incised and the vasa deferentia are located on each side and separated, before ligating, cauterising or clamping each end

58
Q

What is the penis primarily made up of?

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue
2 ‘corpora cavernosa’ dorsally (along the ‘top’ of the penis)
1 ‘corpus spongiosum’ ventrally (along the ‘bottom’ of the penis)

59
Q

What are the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum enclosed within?

A

Deep fascia of the penis (‘Buck’s fascia’).

60
Q

What is the end of the penis called?

A

The glans

61
Q

What is the end of the penis (glans) an extension of?

A

Corpus spongiosum

62
Q

Where does the penile urethra lie within?

A

Corpus spongiosum

63
Q

What does the urethra approach the end of the penis via?

A

External urethral meatus

64
Q

Where is the penile arterial supply via?

A

Penile arteries

65
Q

Where do the penile arteries branch from?

A

Internal pudendal arteries, which themselves branch from the internal iliac arteries

66
Q

What is the nerve supply to the penis?

A

S2 -S4 nerves

67
Q

What are both general and sympathetic innervation carried by?

A

Dorsal nerve of penis

68
Q

What is the dorsal nerve of the penis a branch of?

A

Pudendal nerve

69
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerve fibres responsible for causing erections arise from?

A

Peri-prostatic nerve plexus

70
Q

What is the corpora cavernosa primarily responsible for?

A

Increase in size and rigidity of the penis during an erection

71
Q

What happens to the corpora during sexual arousal?

A

Arterial blood flow into the corpora of the penis increases, so the corpora become engorged with blood

72
Q

What is the main role of the corpus spongiosum during erection?

A

Prevents the urethra from being compressed, which would prevent ejaculation

73
Q

What is erectile dysfunction?

A

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection during sexual activity.
It is considered common and will affect most males at some point

74
Q

What can lead to erectile dysfunction?

A

Problems with:
- Nerve pathways and reflexes
- Blood flow in and out of the corpora of the penis
- Psychological arousal

75
Q

What are treatments for erectile dysfunction?

A
  • Identifying the cause and treating that
  • Using of medications such as sildenafil (Viagra) which increase blood flow into the corpora of the penis

SUGER (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions