Anatomy 2 - PART A

Question 1

Longus colli (cervicis) - Superior part (ant. neck)

Answer 1

O: anterior tubercles vertebrae C3-C5

I: Anterior tubercle vertebra C1

F: bilateral contraction (neck flexion) // unilateral contraction (neck rotation + LF)

Innerv.: anterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C6

Question 2

Longus colli (cervicis) - Intermediate part (ant. neck)

Answer 2

O: Anterior bodies vertebrae C5-T3

I: Anterior bodies vertebrae C2-C4

F: bilateral contraction (neck flexion) // unilateral contraction (neck rotation + LF)

Innerv.: anterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C6

Question 3

Longus colli (cervicis) - inferior part (ant. neck)

Answer 3

O: anterior bodies vertebrae T1-T3

I: anterior tubercles vertebrae C5-C6

F: bilateral contraction (neck flexion) // unilateral contraction (neck rotation + LF)

Innerv.: anterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C6

Question 4

Longus capitis (ant. neck)

Answer 4

O: Anterior tubercles C3-C6

I: Basilar part of occipital bone

F: bilateral contraction (head flexion) // ipsilateral contraction (head rotation + LF)

Innerv.: anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3

Question 5

Rectus capitis anterior (ant. neck)

Answer 5

O: anterior surface of lateral mass and transverse process of atlas

I: inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone

F: atlantoocipital joint (head flexion) + stabilise joint

Inner.: anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C2

Question 6

Rectus capitis lateralis (ant. neck)

Answer 6

O: superior surface of transverse process of atlas

I: inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone

F: unilateral contraction (atlantooccipital joint: head lateral flexion), stabilises joint

Innerv.: anterior rami of spinal nerves (C1-C2)

Question 7

Scalenus anterior

Answer 7

O: Anterior tubercles C3-C6

I: Scalene tubercle rib 1 (anterior to subclavian groove)

F: bi: neck flexion
uni: neck LF + R + first rib elevation

Innerv.: Anterior rami of spinal nerves C4-C6

Question 8

Scalenus medius

Answer 8

O: Posterior tubercles C3-C7

I: Superior border of rib 1 (posterior to subclavian groove)

F: Neck lateral flexion, Elevates rib 1

Innerv.: Anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C8

Question 9

Scalenus posterior

Answer 9

O: Posterior tubercles C5-C7

I: External surface of rib 2

F: Neck lateral flexion, Elevates rib 2

Innerv.: Anterior rami of spinal nerves C6-C8

Question 10

External oblique (ant. trunk)

Answer 10

O: external surfaces of ribs 5-12

I: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest

F: bilateral contraction (trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration)

unilateral contraction (trunk lateral flexion and trunk rotation - ipsilateral)

Innerv.: intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

Question 11

Internal oblique (ant. lat. trunk)

Answer 11

O: anterior two-thirds of iliac crest, iliopectineal arch, thoracolumbar fascia

I: inferior borders of ribs 10-12, linea alba, pubic crest, pecten pubis (via conjoint tendon)

F: bilateral contraction (trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration)
unilateral contraction (trunk lateral flexion and trunk rotation - ipsilateral)

Innerv.: intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve (L1), ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

Question 12

Transversus abdominis (ant. trunk)

Answer 12

O: Internal surfaces of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12, Thoracolumbar fascia, Anterior two thirds of iliac crest, Iliopectineal arch

I: Linea alba, Aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique muscle; Pubic crest, Pectinal line of pubis

F: bilateral contraction (compresses abdominal viscera, expiration)

unilateral contraction (trunk rotation - ipsilateral)

Innerv.: Intercostal nerves (T7- T11), Subcostal nerve (T12), Iliohypogastric nerve (L1), Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

Question 13

Rectus abdominis (ant. trunk)

Answer 13

O: pubic symphysis, pubic crest

I: xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

F: Trunk flexion, Compresses abdominal viscera, Expiration

Innerv.: Intercostal nerves (T7-T11), Subcostal nerve (T12)

Question 14

Quadratus lomborum (lower back)

Answer 14

O: iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament

I: inferior border of rib 12, transverse processes of vertebrae L1-L4

F: bilateral contraction (fixes ribs 12 during inspiration, trunk extension)

unilateral contraction (lateral flexion of trunk - ipsilateral)

Innerv.: subcostal nerve (T12), anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4

Question 15

Internal intercostals

Answer 15

O: costal groove of ribs

I: superior border of immediate rib below

F: Depresses ribs during forced expiration; Supports intercostal spaces and thoracic cage

Innerv.: intercostal nerves

Question 16

External intercostals

Answer 16

O: inferior border of ribs

I: superior border of immediate rib below

F: Elevate ribs during forced inspiration; Supports intercostal spaces and thoracic cage

Innerv.: intercostal nerves

Question 17

Diaphragm

Answer 17

O: sternal (posterior aspect of xiphoid process), costal (ribs 7-12), lumbar (L1-L3 bodies + intervertebral discs)

I: central tendon of diaphragm

F: Depresses costal cartilages, Primary muscle of breathing (inspiration)

Innerv.: Phrenic nerves (C3-C5) (Sensory innervation of peripheries via 6th-11th intercostal nerves)

Question 18

Serratus posterior superior

Answer 18

O: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T3

I: Superior borders of ribs 2-5

F: elevates ribs

Innerv.: 2nd-5th Intercostal nerves

Question 19

Serratus posterior inferior

Answer 19

O: spinous processes of vertebrae T11-L2

I: Inferior borders of ribs 9-12

F: Depresses ribs/ Draws ribs inferoposteriorly

Innerv.: Anterior rami of spinal nerves T9-T12 (a.k.a. 9th-11th Intercostal nerves + subcostal nerve)