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Study notes - Respiratory > *Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

*Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the sensory receptors that are stimulated in order to cause a cough? (4)

A 
Oropharyngeal mucosa (CN IX)
Laryngopharyngeal mucosa (CN X)
Laryngeal mucosa (CN X)
Lower respiratory tract's respiratory mucosa (Visceral afferents)
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2
Q

What nerves supply sensory receptors in the nasal cavity?

A

CN V1 and CN V2

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3
Q

What nerve supplies sensory receptors in the nasal/ oropharynx?

A

CN IX

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4
Q

What nerve supplies sensory nerve receptors in the laryngopharynx and larynx?

A

CN X

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5
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

A protective “tube” of cervical deep fascia which attaches superiorly to the bones of the base of the skull and blends inferiorly with the fascia of the mediastinum

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6
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain? (4)

A

The vagus nerve
The internal carotid artery
The common carotid artery
The internal jugular vein

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7
Q

How does the vagus nerve descend to the mediastinum?

A

Within the carotid sheath

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8
Q

Stimulation of what 2 sensory nerves causes sneezing? (don’t both need to be stimulated)

A

CN V or CN IX

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9
Q

Stimulation of what 2 sensory nerves in the URT causes coughing?

A

CN IX or CN X

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10
Q

What part of the respiratory tract does the term “respiratory/ bronchial tree” describe?

A

LRT

Trachea to alveoli

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11
Q

What type of nerves does the pulmonary plexus contain?

A

Sympathetic axons
Parasympathetic axons
Visceral afferents

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12
Q

Where do the motor axons from the tracheal bifurcation travel and what do they supply (2)?

A

Branches of the respiratory tree

All mucous glands and all bronchiolar smooth muscles

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13
Q

Where do pulmonary visceral afferents innervate?

A

Visceral pleura and respiratory tree

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14
Q

Where does the pulmonary visceral afferents from the visceral pleura and respiratory tree travel?

A

To the plexus and then they follow the vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem

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15
Q

What nerve supplies the parasympathetic supply to the visceral pleura and respiratory tree?

A

The vagus nerve (CN X)

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16
Q

The CNS response to cough sensory receptors being stimulated by causing?

A

A deep (forced) inspiration using the diaphragm (phrenic nerve), intercostal muscle (intercostal nerves) and accessory muscles pf inspiration

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17
Q

What structures does the phrenic nerve supply somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to? (4)

A

The fibrous pericardium
Mediastinal parietal pleura
Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
Diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve supply somatic motor axons to?

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

What are the intercostal nerves?

A

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1 - T11

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20
Q

What are the 4 accessor muscles of deep (forced) inspiration?

A

Pectorals major
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus anterior, medius and posterior

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21
Q

Where does the pectoralis major attach between?

A

Sternum/ ribs and humerus

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22
Q

What can the pectorals minor do in terms of inspiration?

A

Pull ribs 3-5 superiorly towards the coracoid process of the scapula

23
Q

Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle attach between?

A

Sternum/calvicle and mastoid process of temporal bone

24
Q

Where do scaliness anterior, medius and posterior attach between?

A

Cervical vertebrae and ribs 1 and 2

25
Q

What is the recruitment of accessory muscles an important clinical sign of?

A

Dsypnoea

26
Q

What is the next stage of coughing after rapid inhalation?

A

Adduction of the vocal cords to close the rim glottidis

27
Q

Which nerve controls the movement of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Vagal nerves (somatic motor branches)

28
Q

What muscles adduct the vocal cords during the cough reflex?

A

The intrinsic muscles of the larynx

29
Q

Are the vagal nerves mixed, motor or sensory?

A

Mixed

30
Q

Where does the vagal nerves connect with the CNS?

A

At the medulla (Oblongata) of the brainstem

31
Q

Where does the vagal nerve pass out of the base of the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

32
Q

In what ways does the vagal nerve supply the larynx?

A

Supplies somatic sensory innervation to the mucosa lining of the larynx
Supplies somatic motor axons to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

33
Q

Where does the vagus nerves descend in comparison to the lung roots in the chest?

A

Posterior to lung root

34
Q

What does the vagal nerve supply in the chest?

A

Provides parasympathetic axons to the chest organs (including the lungs via the pulmonary plexus)

35
Q

What happens to the vagus nerve after the chest?

A

Passes through the diaphragm on the oesophagus

On the surface of the stomach they finally divide into many parasympathetic branches to the foregut and midgut organs

36
Q

What happens after the abduction of the vocal cords in order cause a cough?

A

Contraction of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (intercostal nerves) to build up intra-abdominal pressure which pushes the diaphragm superiorly and builds up pressure in the chest/ respiratory tree inferior to the adducted vocal cords

37
Q

What happens during forced expiration in terms of the abdomen?

A

Diaphragm relaxes
Right and left anterolateral abdominal wall muscles contract forcefully increasing intra-abdominal pressure
The diaphragm is forced superiorly by the compressed abdominal contents
Intra-thoracic pressure increases increasing the pressure within he respiratory tree inferior to the vocal cords

38
Q

What are the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?

A 
Rectus abdominis 
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus
(one of each on each side)
39
Q

What anterolateral abdominal wall muscles have an aponeurosis?

A 
External oblique (right and left joined by this)
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominas
40
Q

What is the midline at which the aponeuorisis of the left and right obliquez blend with each other?

A

Linea alba

41
Q

In terms of the aponeurosis of the external obliques, what is the line called where the muscle fibres end and the aponeurosis begins?

A

Linea semilunaris

42
Q

Where does the right external oblique attach to?

A

Superiorly to the superficial aspects of the lower libs

Inferiorly to the anterior part of the iliac breast and the pubic tubercle

43
Q

Attachment points of the right internal oblique?

A

Attaches superiorly to the inferior border of the lower ribs

Attaches inferiorly to the iliac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia

44
Q

What is the direction of the fibres of the internal oblique?

A

Same as internal intercostal muscles (from lateral to medial diagonally upwards)

45
Q

Where does the transverses abdomeninus attach?

A

Deep aspects of the lower ribs superiorly and the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of the power back inferiorly

46
Q

What does the combination of the aponeuroses of the transfer abdominis, internal and external oblique form?

A

The rectus sheath

47
Q

What divides the rectus abdominis from 2 long flat muscles into 3 or 4 smaller quadrate muscles?
Why?

A

Tendinous intersections

For improved mechanical efficiency

48
Q

What are the somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic nerve axons supplying the structures (including the muscles) of the abdominal part of the soma conveyed within?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves
Subcostal nerve
Iliohyogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

49
Q

What are the thoracoabdominal nerves formed from?

A

7th to 11th intercostal nerves travel anteriorly then their terminal branches leave the intercostal spaces, int he plane between the internal oblique and the transverses abdominus, as the thoracoabdominal nerves

50
Q

What is the subcostal nerve formed from?

A

T12 anterior ramus

51
Q

What is the iliohypogastric nerve formed from

A

Half of L1 anterior ramus

52
Q

What is the ilioinguinal nerve formed from?

A

The other half of L1 anterior ramus

53
Q

What are the functions of the abdominal muscles? (6)

A

To maintain posture (tonic contractions)
To support the vertebral column (tonic contractions)
To produce movements of the vertebral column
To “guard” protecting the abdominal viscera
To contract increasing the intra-abdominal pressure to assist defecation, micturation and labour
To contract aiding forced expiration

Study notes - Respiratory (29 decks)

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