anatomy Flashcards
what is contained in the cardinal ligament?
The female ureter, uterine artery, and inferior hypogastric (nervous) plexus course within the cardinal ligament
attachments of the cardinal ligament
It attaches the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall by its attachment to the obturator fascia of the obturator internus muscle.[4] It attaches to the uterosacral ligament.[3]
what is the cardinal ligament part of?
it is the thickening of connective tissue of the base of the broad ligament of the uterus.
in which plane does the TAP block go?
the fascial plane between the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles.
what is the superior boundary of the lower uterine segment?
The LUS is located below the area where the peritoneum reflects onto the bladder (uterovesical reflection). It’s composed of less muscle and more fibrous tissue than the upper segment.
at what gestation does the lower uterine segment start to form?
The LUS begins to form around 26 weeks of gestation and continues to develop until after 32 weeks.
what is the other name for the hydatid of Morgagni?
What is it derived from?
appendix testis
(it’s a 3mm long appendage on the testis that is the remnant of the Mullerian/paramesonephric (female) duct!)
It can enlarge with prepubertal oestrogen and tort itself, causing a blue dot sign and lots of pain without the classic horizontal lie etc. of a normal torted testis!
What is the vestigial remnant(s) of the mesonephric duct (Wolffian (male) duct) in females? SPECIFICALLY the homologue of the epididymis!
Gartner’s duct cyst
(a benign vaginal cyst along the lateral wall of the vagina (following the course of the duct)
epoophoron /organ of Rosenmuller / parovariam
(a remnant next to the ovary/fallopian tube)
How might a Gartner’s cyst (lateral vaginal wall cyst remnant of Wolffian duct) present?
They can present in adolescence with painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) or difficulty inserting a tampon. They can also enlarge to substantial proportions and be mistaken for urethral diverticulum or cystocele.[3][4] In some rare instances, they can be congenital.[2]
There is a small association between Gartner’s duct cysts and metanephric urinary anomalies, such as ectopic ureter and ipsilateral renal hypoplasia
what is the nerve supply of the internal anal sphincter
sympathetic L5
parasympathetic S2,3,4
types of FGM
- clitoris
- inner/outer labia
- infundibulation
- anything else, including piercing
what is the bladder trigone?
The bladder trigone is a smooth triangular region located at the base of the urinary bladder, defined by the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice. It is sensitive to stretching and plays a crucial role in signaling the need to empty the bladder. The trigone is lined with stratified squamous epithelium and is important for urinary function, as it helps to prevent the backflow of urine into the ureters.
which hormone is responsible for epiphyseal fusion
estradiol
contents of the ischiorectal fossa
Outside Alcock’s canal, crossing the space transversely
inferior rectal artery
inferior rectal veins
inferior anal nerves
Inside Alcock’s canal, on the lateral wall
internal pudendal artery
internal pudendal vein
pudendal nerve
what is Alcock’s canal?
AKA pudendal canal
is an anatomical structure formed by the obturator fascia (fascia of the obturator internus muscle)
lining the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa.
The internal pudendal artery and veins, and pudendal nerve pass through the pudendal canal, and the perineal nerve arises within it.
boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa (aka ischioanal fossa)
the pelvic diaphragm superiorly
the obturator internus muscle laterally
and the skin and superficial fascia of the perineum inferiorly.
what is a lactotroph
A prolactin cell (also known as a lactotropic cell, epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph)
percentage of lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland
10 - 25% on wikipedia (in the answers given it was said that 10-15% was correct)
types of cells in the anterior pituitary, and their percentages
Somatotrope (50%)
lactotrope (10–25%)
corticotrope (10–20%)
thyrotrope (10%)
gonadotrope (10%)
the epidural space is between which structures
wall of vertebra and dura mater
what is closer to the lumen of the gut - longitudinal muscle or circular muscle?
circular
what muscle is the internal anal sphincter continuuous with?
circular muscle of the rectum
mnemonic to remember the hypothalamic nuclei
a car:
anterior has the cooling system - TRH, CRH, somatostatin, (oxytocin, ADH)
posterior has the exhaust, it shakes and gives out heat - shivering is regulated here
lateral has the fuel cap so is to do with hunger - orexin
medial to the fuel cap is the fuel tank so to do with satiety - GHRH (arcuate - arc of growth), satiety, GI stimulation
suprachiasmatic (it’s a topless car so you can see the stars and sun) is circadian rhythm
supraoptic (looking through the windscreen, upon which it is raining) is ADH (and oxytocin)
medial preoptic nucleus (turn your head, the person you love is sitting next to you) is GnRH
another name for pelvic inlet
pelvic brim
