Anatomy Flashcards
Central nervous system consists of (2)
- Brain
- Spine
Peripheral nervous system consists of…
… division that is not the brain or spine
Somatic nervous system… (3)
Interacts with external environment
- Afferent nerves
- Efferent nerves
Afferent nerves move signals from
Peripheral to central
Efferent nerves move signals from…
Central to peripheral
Autonomic nervous system
Regulates body ‘s internal environment
- Sympathetic nerves
- Parasympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves extend from…
lumbar and thoracic portions of spine
close to second stage neurons
Parasympathetic nerves extend from…
brain and sacral portion of spine
far from second stage neurons
Arousal and relaxation
Arousal: sympathetic
Relaxation: parasympathetic
Cranial nerves (2)
project from the brain rather than the spine
12 sets of cranial nerves
Three meniges
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid membrane
- Subarachnoid space (not a menige)
- Pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid (2)
- Fills subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord, cerebral ventricles of brain
- Cushions and supports brain
Central canal
channel which spans the entire spinal column
butterfly shaped cross-section
Cerebral ventricles (4)
Two lateral, a third, a fourth
Choroid plexuses
produces cerebrospinal fluid
Dural sinuses
absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid
Hydrocephalus
a.k.a. “water head”
blockage of flow of CSF in brain, causing buildup of fluid and expansion of brain size
Blood vessels in the brain are…
tightly packed and influence passage of molecules (e.g. drugs)
some can permeate easily e.g. glucose
Neurons are… (3)
… cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
Multipolar neurons
more than 2 processes
Bipolar neurons
two processes
Unipolar neurons
one process
Interneurons (2)
Neurons with short axon or no axon
Integrates neural activity within brain
Neural structures
CNS: nuclei and tracts
PNS: ganglia and nerves
Golgi stain
Camillo Golgi - 1870’s
potassium dichromate and silver nitrate -> silver chromate
Nissl stain
Franz Nissl - 1880’s
cresyl violet
used to estimate number of cell bodies
Electron microscopy
Electron micrograph - great detail
Scanning electron microscope - 3D structure
Neuroanatomical tracing techniques
Anterograde
- Trace paths of axons going away from cell body
- Transmission of chemical to terminal buttons
Retrograde
- Trace paths of axons going toward cell body
- Chemical re-uptaken by terminal buttons
Anterior
nose end (rostral)
Posterior
tail end (caudal)
Dorsal
back
Ventral
tummy
Medial
toward center of body
Lateral
toward outside of body
Terms to refer to top and bottom of primate head
superior & inferior (top and bottom)
Proximal
closer to
Distal
further from
Brain slicing
- Horizonal
- Frontal/coronal
- Sagittal
- Midsagittal
- Cross section
Spinal cord sections (2)
- Grey matter
- White matter
Grey matter
inner section composed of mostly cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
White matter
outer area consisting of mostly large myelinated axons
Dorsal horns
two dorsal arms of grey matter
Spinal nerves
31 left and right pairs
Dorsal root
afferent unipolar neurons
Ventral root
efferent multipolar neurons
Early brain development (4)
- fluid filled tube
- three swellings at anterior end of tube
- forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
- before birth, three swellings turn into five
forebrain and hindbrain both split into 2
Developing brain swellings (7)
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon,
- myelencephalon
- spinal cord
last 4 = brain stem
Myelencephalon
- medulla
- most posterior
Metencephalon
pons and cerebellum
dorsal surface of brain stem
Mesencephalon
tectum (roof)
- dorsal surface of midbrain
- inferior colliculi - auditory function
- superior colliculi - visual function
tegmentum
- ventral to tectum
- periapequdal gray
- grey matter around cerebral aquaduct
- mediates effects of opiates
- substantia nigra and red nucleus
- sensorimotor system
Diencephalon
Thalamus
- two lobes joined by massa intermedia
- white lamina visible at surface
- sensory relay nuclei
Hypothalamus
- below anterior thalamus
- control pituitary gland
- optic chiasm
- X shaped due to decussate (crossing of nerves)
- mammillary bones
Contralateral vs ipsilateral
contra: from one side of the body to the other
ipsi: same side of body
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
- composed of grey matter
- underaying layer is white matter
- deeply convoluted (furrowed) in humans
- two hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
- tracts connect the hemispheres
- cerebral commissures
- corpus callosum
- central and lateral fissues divide each hemisphere into 4
- Frontal, partietal, temporal, occipital
Fissures
large furrow
Sulci (sulcus)
small furrows
Gyri (gyrus)
ridges
Occipital lobes
analyzes visual input
Parietal lobes
postcentral gyrus - sensations like touch
spatial analysis
Temporal lobes
- superior temporal gyrus – hearing and language
- inferior temporal cortex – identifies complex visual patterns
- medial portion of temporal cortex – memory
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex - motor function
Frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex - cognition
Neocortex
6 layers
pyramidral and stellate cells
hippocamus - seahorse shape, used for memory
Limbic system
circles thalamus
fleeing, feeding, fighting, fucking
mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum
Amygdala
almond shaped, emotions
Cingulate cortex
encircles dorsal thalamus
Fornix
encircles dorsal thalamus
Septum
completes limbic ring
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin glia in CNS
Schwann cells
Myelin glia in PNS
