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PSY290 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system consists of (2)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spine
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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of…

A

… division that is not the brain or spine

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system… (3)

A

Interacts with external environment

  1. Afferent nerves
  2. Efferent nerves
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4
Q

Afferent nerves move signals from

A

Peripheral to central

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5
Q

Efferent nerves move signals from…

A

Central to peripheral

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates body ‘s internal environment

  1. Sympathetic nerves
  2. Parasympathetic nerves
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7
Q

Sympathetic nerves extend from…

A

lumbar and thoracic portions of spine

close to second stage neurons

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8
Q

Parasympathetic nerves extend from…

A

brain and sacral portion of spine

far from second stage neurons

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9
Q

Arousal and relaxation

A

Arousal: sympathetic

Relaxation: parasympathetic

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10
Q

Cranial nerves (2)

A

project from the brain rather than the spine

12 sets of cranial nerves

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11
Q

Three meniges

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid membrane
  3. Subarachnoid space (not a menige)
  4. Pia mater
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12
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (2)

A
  1. Fills subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord, cerebral ventricles of brain
  2. Cushions and supports brain
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13
Q

Central canal

A

channel which spans the entire spinal column

butterfly shaped cross-section

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14
Q

Cerebral ventricles (4)

A

Two lateral, a third, a fourth

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15
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Dural sinuses

A

absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

a.k.a. “water head”

blockage of flow of CSF in brain, causing buildup of fluid and expansion of brain size

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18
Q

Blood vessels in the brain are…

A

tightly packed and influence passage of molecules (e.g. drugs)

some can permeate easily e.g. glucose

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19
Q

Neurons are… (3)

A

… cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

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20
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

more than 2 processes

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21
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

two processes

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22
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

one process

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23
Q

Interneurons (2)

A

Neurons with short axon or no axon

Integrates neural activity within brain

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24
Q

Neural structures

A

CNS: nuclei and tracts

PNS: ganglia and nerves

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25
Q

Golgi stain

A

Camillo Golgi - 1870’s

potassium dichromate and silver nitrate -> silver chromate

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26
Q

Nissl stain

A

Franz Nissl - 1880’s

cresyl violet

used to estimate number of cell bodies

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27
Q

Electron microscopy

A

Electron micrograph - great detail

Scanning electron microscope - 3D structure

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28
Q

Neuroanatomical tracing techniques

A

Anterograde

  • Trace paths of axons going away from cell body
  • Transmission of chemical to terminal buttons

Retrograde

  • Trace paths of axons going toward cell body
  • Chemical re-uptaken by terminal buttons
29
Q

Anterior

A

nose end (rostral)

30
Q

Posterior

A

tail end (caudal)

31
Q

Dorsal

A

back

32
Q

Ventral

A

tummy

33
Q

Medial

A

toward center of body

34
Q

Lateral

A

toward outside of body

35
Q

Terms to refer to top and bottom of primate head

A

superior & inferior (top and bottom)

36
Q

Proximal

A

closer to

37
Q

Distal

A

further from

38
Q

Brain slicing

A
  1. Horizonal
  2. Frontal/coronal
  3. Sagittal
  4. Midsagittal
  5. Cross section
39
Q

Spinal cord sections (2)

A
  • Grey matter
  • White matter
40
Q

Grey matter

A

inner section composed of mostly cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

41
Q

White matter

A

outer area consisting of mostly large myelinated axons

42
Q

Dorsal horns

A

two dorsal arms of grey matter

43
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 left and right pairs

44
Q

Dorsal root

A

afferent unipolar neurons

45
Q

Ventral root

A

efferent multipolar neurons

46
Q

Early brain development (4)

A
  1. fluid filled tube
  2. three swellings at anterior end of tube
  3. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
  4. before birth, three swellings turn into five
    forebrain and hindbrain both split into 2
47
Q

Developing brain swellings (7)

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon,
  • myelencephalon
  • spinal cord

last 4 = brain stem

48
Q

Myelencephalon

A
  • medulla
  • most posterior
49
Q

Metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

dorsal surface of brain stem

50
Q

Mesencephalon

A

tectum (roof)

  • dorsal surface of midbrain
  • inferior colliculi - auditory function
  • superior colliculi - visual function

tegmentum

  • ventral to tectum
  • periapequdal gray
    • grey matter around cerebral aquaduct
    • mediates effects of opiates
  • substantia nigra and red nucleus
    • sensorimotor system
51
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

  • two lobes joined by massa intermedia
  • white lamina visible at surface
  • sensory relay nuclei

Hypothalamus

  • below anterior thalamus
  • control pituitary gland
  • optic chiasm
    • X shaped due to decussate (crossing of nerves)
  • mammillary bones
52
Q

Contralateral vs ipsilateral

A

contra: from one side of the body to the other
ipsi: same side of body

53
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex

  • composed of grey matter
  • underaying layer is white matter
  • deeply convoluted (furrowed) in humans
  • two hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
  • tracts connect the hemispheres
    • cerebral commissures
    • corpus callosum
  • central and lateral fissues divide each hemisphere into 4
    • Frontal, partietal, temporal, occipital
54
Q

Fissures

A

large furrow

55
Q

Sulci (sulcus)

A

small furrows

56
Q

Gyri (gyrus)

A

ridges

57
Q

Occipital lobes

A

analyzes visual input

58
Q

Parietal lobes

A

postcentral gyrus - sensations like touch

spatial analysis

59
Q

Temporal lobes

A
  • superior temporal gyrus – hearing and language
  • inferior temporal cortex – identifies complex visual patterns
  • medial portion of temporal cortex – memory
60
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex - motor function

Frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex - cognition

61
Q

Neocortex

A

6 layers

pyramidral and stellate cells

hippocamus - seahorse shape, used for memory

62
Q

Limbic system

A

circles thalamus

fleeing, feeding, fighting, fucking

mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum

63
Q

Amygdala

A

almond shaped, emotions

64
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

encircles dorsal thalamus

65
Q

Fornix

A

encircles dorsal thalamus

66
Q

Septum

A

completes limbic ring

67
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin glia in CNS

68
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelin glia in PNS

69
Q
A

PSY290 (4 decks)

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