anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
The science of the body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology
The science of body functions–how body parts work
how does structure determine function
structure of a organ allows it’s function
Levels of structural organization
chemical–atoms and molecules
Cellular–molecules combine to form cells
Tissue–perform function (group of cells)
Organ–Tissues join together
System–organs w/ a common function
Organism–any living individual
Tissue
Muscle layer
Protein molecules
Chemical
Stomach, intestines, liver, etc.
System
The human body
Organism
Individual muscle cells
Cellular
Stomach
Organ
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails. Protects body, reg. temp, eliminates waste
Skeletal Sysyem
Bones, joints, cartilage.Supports, protects body surface area for muscle attachments.
Muscular System
Skeletal muscle tissue. Produces body movement
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Skeletal muscle tissue. Generates action potentials to reg. body activities, detects changes in environment
Endocrine System
Glands that produce HORMONES. Releases Hormones.
Cardiovascular System
Blood, heart and blood vessels. Transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to/from cells
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils. Location of many IMMUNITY functions
Digestive System
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, Sm and La intestines. Intake, processing, absorption of nutrients
Respiratory System
Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes. Transfers oxygen from air to blood–regulate acid-base balance of body fluids.
Urinary System
Kidneys and Bladder. Produces, stores and eliminates urine.
Reproduction System
Gonads produce gametes to form new organism. Perpetuating the human species.
Brachial
Arm
Femoral
Thigh
Cephalic
Head
Plantar
Sole of foot
Cervical
Neck
Axillary
Armpit
Antebrachial
Forearm
Sacral
Between hips
Thoracic
Chest
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar
loin
Superior
toward the upper part of body
Inferior
Away from the head. (below)
Medial
Nearer the midline
Lateral
Farther from the midline
Dorsal/Posterior
Nearer to the back of body
Ventral/Anteriro
Nearer to the front of body
Superficial
toward or on the surface of body
Deep
Away from the surface of body
Proximal
Nearer the the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal
Farther from the attachment of the limb
Sagital
separates left and right portions.
Midsagital
EQUAL left and right portions
Transverse
Separates superior and inferior portions
Frontal
Separates anterior and posterior portions
Abdominal contains _______ cavity
Peritoneal
Diaphragm separates these two cavities:
Thoracic/abdominal
____contains pleural and pericardial cavities.
Contains lungs and heart and located within the rib cage
Thoracic Cavity
Contains major digestive organs
Abdominal cavity
Contains major reproductive organs and urinary bladder. Located within the bony pelvis.
Pelvic Cavity
Epithelial tissue
Covers body surfaces and line hollow organs.
Connective tissue
protects and supports the body and it’s organs. BINDS TOGETHER.
Muscular Tissue
Contraction and generation of face. WARMS BODY
Nervous tissue
Detects Changes. Generates ELECTRICAL signals called nerve potentials.
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within cells
Extracellulary fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside body
Interstitial fluid
The ECF that fills the narrow spaces BETWEEN cells of tissue.
Tight Junctions
FUSE adjacent portions of cell membranes
blocks water passage
Adherens/Desmosomes
INTERCONNECTING proteins of cytoskeloton and membrane proteins. STONG intercellular connections firmly BIND cells together
Gap Junctions
CHANNEL proteins and allow solutes to pass freely.
Defining characteristics of epithelial tissue
Selective barriers
Secretory surfaces
Protective surfaces
Simple columnar
may be ciliated.. single layer of tall rectangular cells.
Transitional tissue
allows stretch. lines bladder
Simple Squamous
Single layer of thin, flat cells. Allows rapid transport across surface. Forms lining of blood cells and forms air sacs in lungs.
Stratified Squamous
outer layer of skin. specially adapted for protection against abrasion, Multilayered tissue..pushes cells up to surface.
Pseudostratified columnar
cells appear layered, but actually all attach to basement layer. .Lines much of upper respiratory tract.
widely spaced, extracellular matrix. deep to epithelial tissue, protects, padding.
Connective tissue
Tightly spaced. coverings/linings. protection. absorbs and secretes.
Epithelial.tissue
Fibroblasts
generalized connective tissue cell that secretes fibers.
Major connective tissue fibers; very strong, yet flexible
Collagen fibers
cells containing histamine
Mast
fibers forming networks
reticular fibers
phagocytes
macrophages
cuboidal
Single layer of box like cells
Cartilage
Covers ends of bones, reduces friction in joints; shock absorber. “Firm gel” matrix; rich in chondroitin sulfate.
Areoular
Widespread tissue; irregular arrangement of fibers; least specialized. GLUE and packing material of body
Adipose
has adipocytes; stores fat.
Bone
Hardest connective tissue due to calcium salts.
Reticular
framework of lymph nodes, spleen and liver
Dense
tendons, ligaments, organ capsules and dermis of skin. very strong.
serous membranes
line closed body cavities; form pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities; secretes a watery fluid.
Mucous membranes
line digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts; line cavities opening to the outside of body; secretes mucus.
both Mucous and serous membranes
consist of a covering epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
Functions of skin
Regulate body temp
store blood
protect body
excretes/absorbs substances
Skin protects:
abrasion, heat and chemicals
KERATIN enables the protection
LIPIDS inhibit evaporation of water
SEBACEOUS GLANDS keep hairs and skin from drying out.
PIGMENT helps keep ultraviolet light out.
SKIN LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum Basale–deepest
Stratum spinosum–8-10 layers
Stratum granulosum layers of keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum - fingertips, palms, soles.
Stratum corneum - 25-30 layers Karatin
B, S, G, L, C
Ben Says Good Luck Charlie.
Epiphysis
Expanded ends of long bone, greater surface area, spongy tissue here.
Diaphysis
Central shaft of long bone. consists of thick layer of compact bone tissue surrounding marrow cavity.
Periosteum
tough fibrous connective tissue covering over the bone.
Articular Cartilage
covers ends of bones involved in forming joint surfaces.
Canaculi
allows osteocytes to touch eachother
central canal surrounded by rings of bone matrix; contain blood vessels.
Haversian canal
Spaces containing osteocytes
Lucanae
Lamellae
Concetric layers of bone matrix
Four types of bone cells
osteoGENETIC-cell division (beginning-Genesis)
osteoBLAST-secrete collagen fibers, initiate calcification.
osteoCYTE-maintain daily metabolism
osteoCLAST-resorption, breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
G, B, C, C
Good Boys Collect Coins
Process of Bone formation
Ossification
Bone remodelling
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
Parathyroid hormone
most important hormone regulating calcium homeostasis
Why type of bone cells does PTH stimulate
Osteoclasts
Sequence of changes in primary ossification center
1) Chondrocytes enlarge
2) Cartigage matrix calcifies
3) Chondrocytes die and disintegrate, leaving large spaces in matrix.
4) Blood vessels grow into these spaces
5) Osteoblasts enter with the blood flow, and deposit spongy bone matrix in the spaces.
