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Anatomy module 1 and 2 > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of the body structures and the relationships among them.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The science of body functions–how body parts work

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3
Q

how does structure determine function

A

structure of a organ allows it’s function

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4
Q

Levels of structural organization

A

chemical–atoms and molecules
Cellular–molecules combine to form cells
Tissue–perform function (group of cells)
Organ–Tissues join together
System–organs w/ a common function
Organism–any living individual

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5
Q

Tissue

A

Muscle layer

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6
Q

Protein molecules

A

Chemical

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7
Q

Stomach, intestines, liver, etc.

A

System

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8
Q

The human body

A

Organism

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9
Q

Individual muscle cells

A

Cellular

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10
Q

Stomach

A

Organ

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11
Q

Integumentary System

A

Skin, hair, nails. Protects body, reg. temp, eliminates waste

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12
Q

Skeletal Sysyem

A

Bones, joints, cartilage.Supports, protects body surface area for muscle attachments.

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13
Q

Muscular System

A

Skeletal muscle tissue. Produces body movement

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14
Q

Nervous System

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Skeletal muscle tissue. Generates action potentials to reg. body activities, detects changes in environment

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15
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands that produce HORMONES. Releases Hormones.

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16
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood, heart and blood vessels. Transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to/from cells

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17
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils. Location of many IMMUNITY functions

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18
Q

Digestive System

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, Sm and La intestines. Intake, processing, absorption of nutrients

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19
Q

Respiratory System

A

Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes. Transfers oxygen from air to blood–regulate acid-base balance of body fluids.

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20
Q

Urinary System

A

Kidneys and Bladder. Produces, stores and eliminates urine.

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21
Q

Reproduction System

A

Gonads produce gametes to form new organism. Perpetuating the human species.

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22
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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23
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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24
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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25
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

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26
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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27
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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28
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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29
Q

Sacral

A

Between hips

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30
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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31
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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32
Q

Lumbar

A

loin

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33
Q

Superior

A

toward the upper part of body

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34
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head. (below)

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35
Q

Medial

A

Nearer the midline

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36
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

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37
Q

Dorsal/Posterior

A

Nearer to the back of body

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38
Q

Ventral/Anteriro

A

Nearer to the front of body

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39
Q

Superficial

A

toward or on the surface of body

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40
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of body

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41
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer the the attachment of a limb to the trunk

42
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of the limb

43
Q

Sagital

A

separates left and right portions.

44
Q

Midsagital

A

EQUAL left and right portions

45
Q

Transverse

A

Separates superior and inferior portions

46
Q

Frontal

A

Separates anterior and posterior portions

47
Q

Abdominal contains _______ cavity

A

Peritoneal

48
Q

Diaphragm separates these two cavities:

A

Thoracic/abdominal

49
Q

____contains pleural and pericardial cavities.

Contains lungs and heart and located within the rib cage

A

Thoracic Cavity

50
Q

Contains major digestive organs

A

Abdominal cavity

51
Q

Contains major reproductive organs and urinary bladder. Located within the bony pelvis.

A

Pelvic Cavity

52
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces and line hollow organs.

53
Q

Connective tissue

A

protects and supports the body and it’s organs. BINDS TOGETHER.

54
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Contraction and generation of face. WARMS BODY

55
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Detects Changes. Generates ELECTRICAL signals called nerve potentials.

56
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid within cells

57
Q

Extracellulary fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside body

58
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The ECF that fills the narrow spaces BETWEEN cells of tissue.

59
Q

Tight Junctions

A

FUSE adjacent portions of cell membranes

blocks water passage

60
Q

Adherens/Desmosomes

A

INTERCONNECTING proteins of cytoskeloton and membrane proteins. STONG intercellular connections firmly BIND cells together

61
Q

Gap Junctions

A

CHANNEL proteins and allow solutes to pass freely.

62
Q

Defining characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Selective barriers
Secretory surfaces
Protective surfaces

63
Q

Simple columnar

A

may be ciliated.. single layer of tall rectangular cells.

64
Q

Transitional tissue

A

allows stretch. lines bladder

65
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Single layer of thin, flat cells. Allows rapid transport across surface. Forms lining of blood cells and forms air sacs in lungs.

66
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

outer layer of skin. specially adapted for protection against abrasion, Multilayered tissue..pushes cells up to surface.

67
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

cells appear layered, but actually all attach to basement layer. .Lines much of upper respiratory tract.

68
Q

widely spaced, extracellular matrix. deep to epithelial tissue, protects, padding.

A

Connective tissue

69
Q

Tightly spaced. coverings/linings. protection. absorbs and secretes.

A

Epithelial.tissue

70
Q

Fibroblasts

A

generalized connective tissue cell that secretes fibers.

71
Q

Major connective tissue fibers; very strong, yet flexible

A

Collagen fibers

72
Q

cells containing histamine

A

Mast

73
Q

fibers forming networks

A

reticular fibers

74
Q

phagocytes

A

macrophages

75
Q

cuboidal

A

Single layer of box like cells

76
Q

Cartilage

A

Covers ends of bones, reduces friction in joints; shock absorber. “Firm gel” matrix; rich in chondroitin sulfate.

77
Q

Areoular

A

Widespread tissue; irregular arrangement of fibers; least specialized. GLUE and packing material of body

78
Q

Adipose

A

has adipocytes; stores fat.

79
Q

Bone

A

Hardest connective tissue due to calcium salts.

80
Q

Reticular

A

framework of lymph nodes, spleen and liver

81
Q

Dense

A

tendons, ligaments, organ capsules and dermis of skin. very strong.

82
Q

serous membranes

A

line closed body cavities; form pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities; secretes a watery fluid.

83
Q

Mucous membranes

A

line digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts; line cavities opening to the outside of body; secretes mucus.

84
Q

both Mucous and serous membranes

A

consist of a covering epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

85
Q

Functions of skin

A

Regulate body temp
store blood
protect body
excretes/absorbs substances

86
Q

Skin protects:

A

abrasion, heat and chemicals
KERATIN enables the protection
LIPIDS inhibit evaporation of water
SEBACEOUS GLANDS keep hairs and skin from drying out.
PIGMENT helps keep ultraviolet light out.

87
Q

SKIN LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS

A

Stratum Basale–deepest
Stratum spinosum–8-10 layers
Stratum granulosum layers of keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum - fingertips, palms, soles.
Stratum corneum - 25-30 layers Karatin
B, S, G, L, C
Ben Says Good Luck Charlie.

88
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded ends of long bone, greater surface area, spongy tissue here.

89
Q

Diaphysis

A

Central shaft of long bone. consists of thick layer of compact bone tissue surrounding marrow cavity.

90
Q

Periosteum

A

tough fibrous connective tissue covering over the bone.

91
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

covers ends of bones involved in forming joint surfaces.

92
Q

Canaculi

A

allows osteocytes to touch eachother

93
Q

central canal surrounded by rings of bone matrix; contain blood vessels.

A

Haversian canal

94
Q

Spaces containing osteocytes

A

Lucanae

95
Q

Lamellae

A

Concetric layers of bone matrix

96
Q

Four types of bone cells

A

osteoGENETIC-cell division (beginning-Genesis)
osteoBLAST-secrete collagen fibers, initiate calcification.
osteoCYTE-maintain daily metabolism
osteoCLAST-resorption, breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
G, B, C, C
Good Boys Collect Coins

97
Q

Process of Bone formation

A

Ossification

98
Q

Bone remodelling

A

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

99
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

most important hormone regulating calcium homeostasis

100
Q

Why type of bone cells does PTH stimulate

A

Osteoclasts

101
Q

Sequence of changes in primary ossification center

A

1) Chondrocytes enlarge
2) Cartigage matrix calcifies
3) Chondrocytes die and disintegrate, leaving large spaces in matrix.
4) Blood vessels grow into these spaces
5) Osteoblasts enter with the blood flow, and deposit spongy bone matrix in the spaces.

Anatomy module 1 and 2 (1 decks)

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