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NBEO I > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the long posterior ciliary artery travel between

A

sclera and choroid

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2
Q

What structure does the LPCA supply

A

anterior choroid

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3
Q

Name the 3 components of the blood-aqueous barrier

A
  1. Endothelium of schlemms canal
  2. Iris vessels (minor ACI)
  3. NPCE
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4
Q

Name the 2 components of the blood retinal barrier

A
  1. Tight jxns in the RPE
  2. Retinal blood vessels
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5
Q

Which of the main cranial nerves do not go through the cavernous sinus

A

V-3 and CN7

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6
Q

The sigmoid sinus exits and becomes the …

A

Internal jugular vein

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7
Q

Why is the cornea able to refract so well

A

large difference in index between air and tear film

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8
Q

Where is the cornea thickest

A

periphery

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9
Q

ROC of anterior and posterior cornea, respectively

A

7.8; 6.5

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10
Q

H and V diameter of anterior and posterior cornea, respectively

A

anterior H: 11.7
anterior V: 10.6
posterior H: 11.7
posterior V: 11.7

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11
Q

What structures in the cornea have type I collagen

A

Bowmans and stroma

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12
Q

What dermal layer forms the corneal epithelium

A

surface ectoderm

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13
Q

Name all structures that contain zonula occludens (ZO)

A

corneal epithelium, iris stroma, CB epithelium, RPE

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14
Q

What secretes the underlying epithelial basement membrane

A

basal layer of epithelium

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15
Q

Name all arterial branches of OA

A

CRA
Lacrimal
Muscular
SPCA
LPCA
Supraorbital
Ethmoid

C.L. M.S. L.S.E.

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16
Q

Name the branches of the muscular artery

A

inferotemporal and superomedial which supply the EOMs
(IT to LR, IO, IR)
(SM to MR, SO, SR)

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17
Q

What do the two main branches of the muscular artery then branch into

A

Anterior ciliary arteries

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18
Q

Name the branches of ICA

A

OA
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery

O.P.A.M.

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19
Q

Sclera
1. weakest area
2. strongest area
3. thinnest area (mm)

A
  1. lamina cribrosa
  2. posterior pole (1.0 mm)
  3. recti insertions (0.3 mm)
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20
Q

What forms Bowmans layer

A

prenatally by anterior stroma

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21
Q

Main source of O2 for cornea under closed eye conditions

A

palpebral conj bvs

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22
Q

Which root of CN7 supplies the main facial muscles? Where does it divide into 5 branches?

A

main voluntary motor root; parotid gland

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23
Q

Which nerve supplies the parotid gland

A

CN9 (glossopharyngeal)

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24
Q

What passes thru the SOF but not CTR

A

LFTs (lacrimal nerve of V-1, frontal nerve of V-1, Trochlear nerve, SOV)

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25
Q

What is found in the CTR

A

Cn3, Cn6, Optic canal (OA + ON), nasociliary nerve of V-1

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26
Q

Course of CN7

A

frontal lobe –> pons –> internal auditory canal –> geniculate ganglion –> greater petrosal nerve + chorda timpani nerve

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27
Q

The posterior 2/3 of the cornea is ___ organized than the anterior 1/3 and is thus ___ prone to cross-linking

A

more; less

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28
Q

What is the course of LPCNs and SPCNs in the cornea?

A

enter mid-stroma and lose myelin sheath after traveling 2-4mm. become nocireceptors once they penetrate Bowman’s

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29
Q

What supplies blood to palpebral conj

A

palpebral arcades

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30
Q

What drains the bulbar and palpebral conj

A

anterior ciliary veins

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31
Q

Where are there no nerves in the cornea

A

posterior stroma, DM and endo

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32
Q

List three main forms of sympathetic innervation to the eyes

A
  • with Cn3 to Muller’s
  • with CnV-1 to join LPCNs and SPCNs to iris dilator and choroid
  • with vidian nerve (Cn7) to lacrimal nerve
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33
Q

Branches of the ethmoid artery supply…

A

sphenoid, frontal and ethmoid sinuses

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34
Q

How long is the ON

A

50-60mm

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35
Q

Blood supply to bulbar conj

A

posterior supplied by peripheral palpebral arcades; anterior supplied by anterior ciliary arteries

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36
Q

What structures do the anterior ciliary arteries supply

A
  • anterior bulbar conj
  • episclera
  • iris
  • ciliary body
  • recti muscles

(essentially the anterior structures of the eye via MACI)

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37
Q

What part of CN7 supplies the anterior 2/3 of tongue with taste

A

chorda timpani nerve

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38
Q

Anterior sclera foramen

A

occupied by cornea

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39
Q

Where is MACI found

A

iris root within the ciliary stroma

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40
Q

What are the thinnest and thickest parts of the iris

A

iris root; collarette

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41
Q

What is so unique about the skin layer of the eyelid

A

thinnest in the body and contains no fat

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42
Q

Name all kinds of lens zonules and their purpose

A
  1. primary - attach lens zonules to lens capsule
  2. secondary - attach primary lens zonules to each other or to NPCE of pars plana
  3. tension - connect primary lens zonules to valleys between ciliary processes (valleys of Kuhnt)
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43
Q

Arteries in the Circle of Willis

A

-PAM of ICA
-anterior communicating artery (1)
-ICAs
-posterior cerebral arteries
-basilar artery (1)

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44
Q

What creates the lens zonules

A

BM of NPCE of pars plana

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45
Q

Longest to shortest rectus muscle insertions

A

SLIM

S - 7.7
L - 6.9
I - 6.5
M - 5.5

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46
Q

Functions of Muller cells

A
  • buffer ions (K+)
  • glycogen metabolism
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47
Q

Which part of the corneal stroma is more prone to cross-linking

A

anterior

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48
Q

SPCAs and LPCAs both supply the

A

choroid

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49
Q

What do the SPCAs supply

A

optic nerve (Circle of Zinn)
posterior choroid
macula (via cilioretinal artery)

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50
Q

Where is the thickest area of the retina

A

parafovea (0.5mm zone surrounding the fovea) (contains ALL retinal layers)

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51
Q

Thinnest area of orbital wall

A

medial

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52
Q

What is the sclera proper a continuation of

A

corneal stroma

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53
Q

What is the NPCE continuous with

A

posterior pigmented iris epithelium and neurosensory retina

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54
Q

Another name for JXT

A

cribiform layer

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55
Q

Which part of TM is closest to Schlemm’s

A

JXT

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56
Q

What replaces Muller cells at the optic disc

A

Astrocytes

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57
Q

Where are iris crypts located and what role do they play

A

in the ABL;
serve as passageway for aqueous

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58
Q

What is in the middle emissaria of the sclera

A

vortex veins

(middle emissaria is area near equator)

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59
Q

Layers of sclera

A

episclera, sclera, lamina fusca

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60
Q

Which bipolar cell only synapses with one cone and one ganglion

A

midget

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61
Q

Which glands are:
1. holocrine
2. mesocrine
3. apocrine

A
  1. Meibomian and Zeiss
  2. ALGs
  3. Moll (and goblet cells)
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62
Q

Where are goblet cells densest

A

temporal bulbar conj and IN fornix

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63
Q

3 important branches of ECA

A

facial, superficial temporal and maxillary

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64
Q

Which layer of the eyelid contains the levator muscle

A

Subcutaneous areolar layer

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65
Q

Role of muscle of Horner

A

Helps drain tears into lacrimal sac

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66
Q

Name the layers between skin and orbital septum

A

Skin -> subcutaneous areolar layer -> orbicularis -> submuscular areolar layer -> orbital septum

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67
Q

Which layer contains the palpebral marginal arcades

A

Submuscular areolar layer

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68
Q

CT and vascularization of episclera vs sclera

A

Epi has loose CT and vascularized.
Sclera has dense CT and avascular.

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69
Q

The periorbita fuses posteriorly with the…

A

Optic nerve

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70
Q

The orbital septum attaches medially to the…

A

Lacrimal crest

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71
Q

T/F the orbital septum is continuous laterally with the lacrimal gland

A

FALSE

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72
Q

Whitnall’s ligament is found in which bone

A

Zygomatic (laterally)

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73
Q

Mullers muscle is innervated by…

A

alpha-2 SNS receptors to CN3

74
Q

The inferior tarsal muscle is continuous with the …

A

Inferior rectus muscle

75
Q

The conjunctival stroma is continuous with..

A

Corneal epithelium

76
Q

Where are Krause and Wolfring glands located

A

Krause - conj fornices
Wolfring - upper tarsus in palpebral conj

77
Q

Which branches of CN7 innervate the orbicularis muscle

A

Temporal and zygomatic

78
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland situated

A

Temporal fossa of frontal bone

79
Q

What supplies the lacrimal gland

A

Lacrimal artery and lacrimal vein

80
Q

What has the only lymphatic vessels in the orbit

A

Lacrimal gland

81
Q

Describe the innervation to the lacrimal gland

A

PSN fibers from pterygopalatine ganglion of CN7 —> zygomatic nerve of V2 —> lacrimal nerve of V1

82
Q

When you shut your eyes, the puncta moves laterally/medially and the canaliculus shortens/widens ***

A

medially; shortens

83
Q

~ how long is the lacrimal sac

A

10-12 mm

84
Q

T/F The lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct contain a single layer of epithelium

A

F. Both have double epithelia.

85
Q

Which sinus is the NLD adjacent to

A

Maxillary sinus

86
Q

How long is the NLD

A

15 mm

87
Q

Role and location of Valve of Hasner

A
  • prevents back flow
  • at end of NLD
88
Q

The levator muscle sheath is continuous with the sheath of the …

A

Superior rectus

89
Q

All recti originate at the …

A

CTR (annulus of Zinn)

90
Q

The IR sheath combines with the IO sheath to form the…

A

Ligament of Lockwood (and inferior tarsal plate)

91
Q

Spiral of Tillaux

A

Recti muscle insertions

92
Q

Physiological and anatomical origin of the SO muscle

A
  • lesser wing of sphenoid
  • trochlea
93
Q

Origin of IO muscle

A

Anterior to maxillary bone

94
Q

Characteristic signs of SO palsy

A
  • more esotropia on downgaze (V pattern)
  • head tilt AWAY from side of lesion
  • primary hypertropia in affected eye
95
Q

Which muscle is not found in the CTR or SOF

A

IO

96
Q

What is the name for the groove in the sphenoid bone for the pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica

97
Q

What 3 things pass thru the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

A
  • optic canal (OA+ON)
  • levator muscle
  • SO muscle
98
Q

What is found in the greater wing of sphenoid bone

A
  • foramen rotundum: where V2 passes
  • foramen ovale: where V3 passes
  • foramen spinosum: middle meningeal artery (branch of ECA and supplies to dura mater)
99
Q

Where is the superior orbital fissure located

A

Between the greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone

100
Q

Order from most anterior to posterior: SOF, CTR, Cavernous Sinus

A

CTR, SOF, CS

101
Q

Weakest area of orbital wall

A

Floor

102
Q

The cavernous sinus is located between which two bones

A

Sphenoid and temporal bones

103
Q

What cells are found in Bowman’s layer

A

NONE. It is acellular.

104
Q

Main role of the surface layer of the corneal epithelium

A

Secretes a glycocalyx and contains microvilli to increase surface area

105
Q

What are the two layers of the corneal epithelial basement membrane

A

Basal lamina - secreted by epithelial cells
Reticular lamina - produced by stromal cells

106
Q

RCE

A
  • poor hemidesmosome attachments
  • thickening of BM
  • EBMD
107
Q

Role of Bowman’s layer

A

maintains corneal curvature

108
Q

Band keratopathy affects what corneal layer

A

Bowman’s

109
Q

Crocodile shagreen affects what corneal layer

A

Bowmans (and deep epithelium)

110
Q

Name a corneal dystrophy that affects Bowman’s layer

A

Reis-Buckler

111
Q

The stroma constitutes what percent of the cornea and what percent of the stroma is water

A

90%; 75%

112
Q

Which part of the stroma is more prone to corneal edema and why

A

posterior bc it contains more organized lamellae

113
Q

Main GAG in the cornea

A

Keratin sulfate

114
Q

Hassal-Henle bodies

A

thickened areas of DM that protrude toward the anterior chamber and increase with age (guttata are more centrally located)

115
Q

Name 3 things that maintain corneal transparency

A
  1. Na/K/ATPase pump in the endothelium
  2. organized lamellae in the stroma
  3. tight epithelial barrier due to ZO
116
Q

What junctions are found in corneal endothelial cells

A

maculae occludens (leaky to allow aqueous in)

117
Q

As endothelial cells decrease with age, they undergo…

A

pleomorphism and polymegathism (to compensate for lower cell density)

(dec cells -> dec in pump activity -> stromal edema/fuchs)

118
Q

What organelle is found in endothelial cells

A

Mitochondria

119
Q

What supplies blood to the cornea

A

NOTHING. it is avascular.

120
Q

LPCNs and SPCNs are branches from the…

A

nasociliary nerve of CN V-1

121
Q

Class of cells in corneal epithelium vs endothelium

A

stratified squamous in epi; simple squamous in endo

122
Q

Density and number of goblet cells decrease as you progress closer to the…

A

limbus (no goblet cells in the limbus)

123
Q

Class of cells in the bulbar conj

A

stratified squamous (continuous with corneal epithelium)

124
Q

The limbus has how many layers

A

10 (vs cornea which only has 5)

125
Q

The limbus is the termination of…

A

Descements and Bowmans

126
Q

The limbus is the beginning of..

A

conj stroma, episclera and Tenon’s

127
Q

Describe how all the cells of the corneal epithelium work together

A

stem cells become basal cells, which produce wing cells, which migrate to the corneal surface to become surface cells

128
Q

What supplies the palpebral conj

A

palpebral arcades

129
Q

What supplies the bulbar conj

A

psoterior - palpebral arcades
anterior - anterior ciliary arteries

130
Q

What innervates the bulbar conj

A

LPCNs

131
Q

What innervates the palpebral conj

A

F and L nerves of V-1
IO nerve of V-2

132
Q

The iris stroma is continuous with the…

A

CB stroma

133
Q

Where is minor ACI located

A

pupillary margin

134
Q

Where are the sphincter and dilator muscles located

A

Sphincter in iris stroma
Dilator in anterior epithelium

135
Q

Where is the base and apex of the ciliary body pointing respectively

A

Base towards SS
Apex towards ora serrata

136
Q

Where is the base and apex of the TM pointing

A

Base toward SS
Apex toward cornea

137
Q

NPCE of pars plana produces…

A

Lens zonules

138
Q

Strongest wall of the orbit

A

Lateral

139
Q

Which sinus is adjacent to the optic nerve

A

Sphenoid

140
Q

What is the most avascular part of the ciliary body

A

Pars plana

141
Q

Where and how does the ciliary body attach to the sclera

A

At the base with longitudinal fibers

142
Q

Which arteries run through the suprachoroid

A

LPCAs

143
Q

Does the EW nucleus supply pre- or post- ganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle and pupillary sphincter

A

pre

144
Q

EW nucleus -> pre-ganglionic PSN fibers to CN3 —> ciliary ganglion -> …

A

post-ganglionic SPCNS —> iris sphincter and ciliary muscle

145
Q

Which nerve is not affected by retrobulbar injection?

A

CN 4 (lies outside the muscle cone)

146
Q

Which is an immunologically active layer?
A. Epithelial layer of conjunctiva
B. Submucosa layer of conjunctiva
C. Submuscular layer of orbicularis
D. Tarsal plates

A

B

147
Q

What arteries supply the episclera

A

Anterior ciliary arteries

148
Q

White matter of the spinal cord is comprised of…

A

Myelinated axons
(White matter in the spinal cord is on the outside surrounding the gray matter; opposite of the brain where white matter is on the inside)

149
Q

What happens to the cornea from birth to age 5

A

It flattens and diameter increases

150
Q

Order the ocular structures from closest to farthest from orbit

A

Conj -> mucocutaneous junction -> MG -> gray line -> cilia

151
Q

What is true in regard to the location of the physiological blind spot on VF testing?

A

15 degrees temporal and slightly inferior

152
Q

Where is the electrical signal initiated in motor neurons?

A

Axon hillock (at the junction between cell body and axon)

153
Q

What are the nodes of rancher

A

Naked portions of axons (not myelinated)

154
Q

What glial cell lines the cavities of CNS and walls of the ventricles of the brain

A

Ependymal

155
Q

Which structure(s) of the ear responds to angular acceleration? Linear acceleration?

A

Semicircular canals for angular
Utricle and saccule for linear

156
Q

The ligaments of the lens zonules are derived from what structure

A

Tertiary vitreous

157
Q

What innervates the iris sphincter muscle

A

SPCNs (carry post ganglionic PSN fibers from ciliary ganglion)

158
Q

The primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex are divided by what major sulcus?

A

Central sulcus

159
Q

Blood supply to:
- intracanalicular
- intracranial
- intraorbital
- intraocular

A
  • OA
  • OA + ICA
  • plial vessels and branches of CRA
  • SPCAs
160
Q

What are the three muscular boundaries of the carotid triangle

A

Omohyoideus; sternocleidomastoid; posterior belly of digastricus

161
Q

Which ocular structure has the greatest oxygen rate

A

Retina

162
Q

What are oral bays and dentate processes

A

Dentate processes - retina biting on the pars plana
Oral bays - areas of pars plana between dentate processes

163
Q

List the order of the macular structures from most central (smallest diameter) to most peripheral (largest diameter)

A

Foveola -> fovea -> parafovea -> perifovea

164
Q

List the order of the macular structures from most central (smallest diameter) to most peripheral (largest diameter)

A

Foveola -> fovea -> parafovea -> perifovea

165
Q

What is the diameter of the foveola and what makes it so unique

A

0.35 mm; contains the densest population of cones

166
Q

What is the diameter of the fovea

A

1.5 mm (~1 DD)

167
Q

Where is rhodopsin found in a rod

A

The outer segment

168
Q

What is the pre-synaptic connection for a rod cell

A

rods don’t have pre-synaptic connections

169
Q

What neurotransmitter do rods release to BP and H cells

A

Glutamate

170
Q

Photoreceptors __polarize in the presence of light, have ___ potentials and release less/more glutamate in the presence of light.

A

Hyper; graded; less

171
Q

which retinal cells have action potentials

A

Ganglion and amacrine

172
Q

The smaller the vessel diameter, the ___ the flow rate and ___ the resistance

A

Lower; higher

173
Q

The greatest concentration of hyaluronic acid is found in which portion of the vitreous

A

Cortex

174
Q

The primary vitreous is formed by which neural tissue

A

Mesoderm

175
Q

The primary vitreous develops in which week of gestation? The secondary?

A

3rd week; 9th week

176
Q

Cone photoreceptors are neatly organized in which arrangement in the macula?

A

Hexagonal mosaic

177
Q

Describe the location of the fovea with respect to the optic disc

A

4 mm temporal and 0.8 mm inferior

178
Q

The patellar fossa of the vitreous is bounded by what other structure of the eye?

A

Posterior surface of the lens

179
Q

What occurs to the ciliary muscles and lens during accommodation

A

Ciliary muscles contract and lens zonules relax

180
Q

Which layer of the choroid does not contain melanocytes

A

Choriocapillaris

181
Q

From what bone does the posterior lacrimal crest arise?

A

Lacrimal

NBEO I (5 decks)

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