ANATOMY Flashcards
The area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum is called the:
Brisket
The knee of hoofed animals is called the:
Carpus
Gross anatomy is also known as:
Macroscopic (seen without a microscope) Anatomy
The reference plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal is the:
Transverse plane
The reference plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves is the:
Median plane
The directional term that means “toward the head” but not on the head is:
Cranial
An animal’s ears are located _____ to its eyes.
Caudal
A dog is standing on the exam table with its front legs up on the chest of its owner. Which surface of the dog is touching the examination table?
Plantar
The outer surface of a cow’s leg that is facing away from its body is the ______ surface.
Lateral
The shoulder of a camel is ______ to its carpus.
Proximal
Which end of a donkey’s tail attaches to the body?
Proximal
The proximal-distal dividing line on the rear leg is the:
Tarsus
If you were told to look for a cut on the palmar surface of a dog’s leg, where would you look?
The back surface of the front leg below the carpus.
If you were told to look for a tumor on the dorsal surface of a pig’s hind leg, where would you look?
The front surface below the tarsus.
All the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane called the:
Pleura
How many basic tissue types are found in an animal’s body?
4 (M. E. N. C.)
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Nervous
- Connective
The type of tissue that forms sweat gland is ________ tissue.
Epithelial
Bone is considered what type of tissue?
Connective tissue
An example of a group of tissues working together for a common purpose is:
Brain
The process by which physiologic processes collectively and actively maintain balance in the structures, functions, and properties of the body is known as:
Homeostasis
D
On a sheep the area on the top of the head between the bases of the ears is known as the:
Poll
The type of tissue that coordinates and controls activities in and around the animal’s body is:
Nervous tissue
The body cavity that contains the heart is the:
Cranial thoracic cavity
The structure that divides the ventral cavity into two parts is the:
Diaphragm
The majority of cells found in the skin are:
Keratinocytes
The pigment found in skin is produced by:
Melanocytes
The cells thought to aid in the sense of touch are:
Merkel Cells
The macrophages of the epidermis are the:
Langerhans Cells
One of the most common skin tumors in dogs over the age of 5 is:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The nose of a white cat is especially susceptible to:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The old gray mare is especially susceptible to:
Malignant Melanoma
One of the most common benign tumors of cats is:
Basal Cell Tumor
The most common site for malignant melanoma in dogs and cats is the:
Oral Cavity
Which layer of epidermis is most actively involved in replacing exfoliated skin cells?
Basal Layer
The thickest layer of the epidermis is the:
Horny Layer
Tylotrich hairs are important in the perception of:
Touch
Meissner’s corpuscle is important in the perception of:
Touch
Pacinian corpuscles are important in the perception of:
Touch
Which layer of skin allows it to move freely over underlying bone and muscle without tearing?
Hypodermis
On a footpad, which layer of skin is the thickest?
Stratum Corneum
In which species of animal would you find a planum nasolabiale?
Equine
Which dark, horny structures are found buried in the long, caudal hairs of equine fetlocks?
Ergots
Infraorbital, interdigital, and inguinal pouches are found in what species of animal?
Ovine
The part of a hair that is buried within the skin is the:
Root
The invagination of epidermis in which a hair is anchored is the:
Follicle
How many hairs are found in an average hair follicle?
1
In a compound follicle a primary hair is also known as a ______ hair.
Guard
Whiskers are also known as ______ hairs.
Tactile
The outermost layer of a hair is the:
Cuticle
As an animal ages and its hair turns white, the medulla becomes filled with:
Air
The implantation angle of a hair is increased when the:
Arrector pili muscle contracts.
The white, semiliquid mixture released by sebaceous glands is called:
Sebum
Another name for a blackhead is:
Comedone
Which species of animal produces enough sweat to turn into a white froth?
Equine
In which species of animal does sebum eventually become lanolin?
Ovine
A sudoriferous gland is also known as a/an:
Sweat gland
Which animals have tail glands that help them identify individual animals?
Dogs and cats
The tail gland is located on the _______ surface of the tail.
Dorsal
Where would you look for anal sacs in a cat?
At 5 and 7 o’clock positions around the anus.
What animal can retract its claws?
Cat
Another name for a hoofed animal is an:
Ungulate
The sensitive tissue of both claws and hooves is the:
Corium
Hooves grow from the:
Coronary band
The lateral aspects of an equine hoof wall are called:
Quarters
The junction of the sole and hoof wall in an equine hoof is called the:
White line
Horns emerge from the horn processes of the ____ bones.
Frontal
Horns are bound to the horn process by:
Periosteum
Horns are composed of:
Keratin
Antlers are composed of:
Bone
The “white” of the eye is the:
Sclera
All the light that enters the eye enters through the:
Cornea
An animal’s eyes “glow” in the dark when a light is shined on them because of the:
Tapetum
The species that doesn’t have eyes that “glow” in the dark when a light is shined on them is:
Porcine
The colored part of the eye is the:
Iris
The “diaphragm” of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye is the:
Iris
The opening at the center of the “diaphragm” of the eye is the:
Pupil
Near and far vision are accommodated through the muscles of the:
Ciliary body
The sensory receptors for vision are located in the:
Retina
The vitreous compartment of the eyeball is located:
Behind the and ciliary body
The anterior chamber of the eyeball is located:
In front of the iris in the aqueous compartment
Where is aqueous humor produced?
Posterior chamber of the eyeball
The most common cause of glaucoma is:
Insufficient drainage of aqueous humor
The _____ helps focus a clear image on the retina by changing its shape.
Lens
The dividing structure that separates the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber is the:
Iris
The dividing structure that separates the aqueous chamber from the vitreous chamber is the:
Lens
An animal has an area of inflammation located at the lateral limbus of the left eye. Where is the inflammation located?
Left side of the left eyeball where the sclera meets the cornea.
The process of changing the shape of the lens to allow close-up and distant vision is called:
Accommodation
When a/an ______ develops the lens becomes opaque.
Cataract
The blind spot if the eye is the:
Optic disc
Which photoreceptors are the most sensitive to light?
Rods
Which part of the eyeball refracts light rays entering the eye the most?
Lens
Where is the nictitating membrane located?
Medially between the eyeball and the eyelid
Where the upper and lower eyelids meet near the bridge of an animal’s nose is the:
Medial canthus
Tears are produced by the:
Lacrimal gland
The third eyelid is composed of:
Cartilage and conjuctiva
Excess tears are initially drained from the surface of the eyes by the:
Lacrimal puncta
The thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelids is the:
Palpebral conjunctiva
The six extraocular muscles that attach to the sclera are:
Skeletal muscles
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the space between the two lungs. This space is called the:
Mediastinum
When looking at a standing animal from the side, you would locate the heart:
Between its right and left olecranon processes
The fibrous sac that encloses the heart is the:
Pericardium
The outermost layer of the heart itself is the:
Epicardium
The membrane that lines the chambers of the heart is the:
Endocardium
The type of blood vessel that usually carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is a/an:
Artery
The atria of the heart sit at the _____ of the heart.
Base
The interatrial septum is a continuation of the:
Myocardium
The interventricular septum is a continuation of the:
Interatrial septum
The right atrium pumps blood into the:
Right ventricle
The apex if the heart is made up of the:
Wall of the left ventricle
Another name for the left atrioventricular valve is the:
Mitral valve
Chordae tendineae are found in the:
Ventricles
Another name for the right semilunar valve is the:
Pulmonary valve
Cardiac muscle can generate its own contractions and relaxations and is therefore called:
autorhythmic muscle
Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the heart at the:
Right atrium
The large blood vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation is the:
Vena cava
Which chamber of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation when it contracts?
Right ventricle
The pulmonary circulation begins when deoxygenated blood passes through the _____ into the pulmonary circulation.
Right semilunar valve
The impulse to begin each heartbeat of the heart comes from the:
Sinoatrial node
The two ions that are responsible for the initial depolarization of cardiac muscle as they travel from the outside of a muscle cell to the inside of the cell are:
Sodium and calcium ions
The impulse created by the natural pacemaker of the heart travels:
Across both atria at the base of the heart to the atrioventricular septum, through the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, and back to the base of the heart.
The structures that make up the primary cardiac conduction, in the order that the impulse travels through them, are the:
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fiber system
Contraction of a heart chamber is called:
Systole
Which valves produce the second heart sound when they snap shut?
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Tricuspid valve stenosis results when the tricuspid valve:
Doesn’t open completely during atrial systole
Cardiac output is determined by:
Stroke volume and heart rate.
The _______ represents the strength of a heartbeat
Stroke volume
The inner layer of a blood vessel is the:
Endothelium
The largest elastic artery in an animal’s body is the:
Aorta
What type of muscle is found in the middle layer if a muscular artery’s wall?
Involuntary, nonstriated muscle
Arterioles are:
Small muscular arteries
The majority of exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue takes place at the _____ level.
Capillary blood
The largest vein in an animal’s body is the:
Vena cava
Which type of blood vessel has one-way valves in its lumen?
Veins
Oxygenated blood is carried from the mother to a fetus through the:
Umbilical vein
The ductus arteriosus in a fetus allows blood to flow:
Directly into the aorta from the pulmonary artery
Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a cat?
Femoral artery
Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a horse?
Mandibular artery
Systolic blood pressure measures:
The force by which blood is ejected from the left ventricle during systole.
On an ECG reading of one cardiac cycle, the contraction of the main mass of the ventricles is represented by the:
R wave
Which vein can be used for venipuncture in nearly all species of animals?
Jugular vein
Phonation in an animal begins in the:
Larynx
The acceptable range of pH in most animals is:
7.35-7.45
The upper respiratory tract includes all the structures:
Outside the lungs
The nasal septum separates:
The left nasal passage from the right nasal passage
A nasal meatus is created by the:
Turbinates
The three main condition functions of the nasal passages are:
Warming, humidifying, and filtering air
Sinuses are outpouchings of the:
Nasal passages
The nasopharynx sits _____ to the oropharynx in a standing animal.
Dorsal
The opening to the larynx is called the:
Glottis
The boundaries of the glottis are formed by the:
Arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords
The vocal cords are composed of:
Fibrous connective tissue
The tracheal rings are composed of:
Hyaline cartilage
The space between each tracheal ring is composed of:
Smooth muscle
The ciliated epithelium that lines the trachea has a layer of ______ on top of it to trap foreign debris.
Mucus
Tracheal collapse is often seen:
With inspiratory dyspnea
The trachea splits into two bronchi at the:
Bifurcation
Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are controlled by:
The autonomic nervous system acting on smooth muscle
The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs across:
Two layer of simple squamous epithelium
Which species is prone to asthma attacks?
Feline
Which thoracic structure would you find outside the mediastinum?
Lungs
How are the lungs of a pig divided?
Three left lobes, four right lobes
The hilus is found:
On the medial surface of each lung
The blood vessel that brings blood to the lungs from the heart is the:
Pulmonary artery
