anatomy Flashcards
female reproductive organs
- ovary
- uterine tube
- uterus
- vagina
- urethra
- bladder
- kidney and ureter (tube)
male reproductive system
- kidney and ureter
- prostae
- urethra
- penis
- vas deferens
- testis
peritoneum
The peritoneum is a continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs (abdominal viscera).
It acts to support the viscera, and provides pathways for blood vessels and lymph to travel to and from the viscera.
parietal peritoneum
The parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall, it is derived from somatic mesoderm in the embryo.
It receives the same somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominal wall that it lines; therefore, pain from the parietal peritoneum is well localised. Parietal peritoneum is sensitive to pressure, pain, laceration and temperature.
visceral peritoneum
The visceral peritoneum invaginates to cover the majority of the abdominal viscera. It is derived from splanchnic mesoderm in the embryo.
The visceral peritoneum has the same autonomic nerve supply as the viscera it covers.
Unlike the parietal peritoneum, pain from the visceral peritoneum is poorly localised and the visceral peritoneum is only sensitive to stretch and chemical irritation.
intraperitoneal organs
Spleen, stomach and liver
retroperitoneal organs
These are not related to the visceral peritoneum and the peritoneum only covers the from (anterior) aspect.
The oesophagus, rectum and kidneys are mainly the retroperitoneal structures, and then there are structures which were initially within the peritoneum but through the twists and turns of the embryo, others became retroperitoneal.
- T12-L3
ribs 11 and 12
kidneys
Right lower than left
only need one
Function:
filter waste, produce urine
regulate blood:
pressure, ions, pH, osmolarity, volume, glucose level
hormone production
calcitriol (active vitamin D)
erythropoietin
calcitriol and erythropoietin
Calcitriol - raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption from the gut, kidney and stimulation of release from bones
Erythropoietin - secreted in response to hypoxia or low blood glucose.
cortex and medulla of kidney
CORTEX
aka “body”, is supporting tissue
Contains glomeruli, Bowman’s capsule and convoluted tubules
MEDULLA
the “functional” tissue
organised into renal (medullary) pyramids
nephron and collecting tubules
Functional unit
Comprised of:
Renal corpuscle – glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
- Renal tubules
filtering in kidney
- filtrations from arteriole to glomerular capillaries
- reabsorption from Bowmans capsule to peribular capillaries
- back to Bowmans capsule, secretion
- urinary excretion
renal tubules
Comprised of:
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Diuretics (sodium linked)
loop of henle
acting as a concentration gradient for fluids and electrolytes
diuretics
Diuretics work by promotion of urination and is sodium linked, and increase the excretion of water. They can be used to treat conditions like heart failure, cirrhosis or high blood pressure (hypertension)
anatomy of kidney
Interlobar artery - supply the renal lobes
Cortical blood vessels - supplying the cortex
Arcuate blood vessels - found at the border with the cortex and medulla and are shaped in arcs and com the interlobar arteries.
renal arteries
Renal arteries are direct branches of the aorta and typically lie behind the renal veins.
The renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava and on the left this renal vein lies over the renal artery typically. The left renal vein has a longer course than the right renal vein.
phrenic and gonadal vein
The phrenic veins drain under the diaphragm.
The gonadal vein on the left drains into the left renal vein, whereas on the right, the right renal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.
Note the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric arteries supplying the foregut and the midgut respectively.
ureters
The trigone as the name suggests is a triangular area where the ureteric orifices are superiorly (i.e. the ureteric meatuses) - the opening of the ureters and the urethra is inferiorly, where urine passes to go externally.
The urinary bladder is a muscular organ comprised of specialized smooth muscle called the detrusor.
This organ helps store the urine and also helps in its removal from the body. This muscle is oriented in many directions to help in its contraction and relaxation in expanding and shrinking dependent on the amount of urine present.
variation in renal artery
- adrenal gland, endocrine gland
top- inferior phrenic artery
middle- abdominal aorta
bottom- renal
polycystic kidney disease
- autosomal dominant
- common cause of renal failure
- high level of parenchymal loss
ureter
- transport urine to urinary bladder
- highly sensitive, blocked by kidney stones
- ## risks of UTI passing up to kidney
urinary bladder in females
The urinary bladder is a muscular organ comprised of specialized smooth muscle called the detrusor.
This organ helps store the urine and also helps in its removal from the body. This muscle is oriented in many directions to help in its contraction and relaxation in expanding and shrinking dependent on the amount of urine present.
germ cells
Germ cell tumours develop in germ cells. These are the cells in the body that develop into sperm and eggs. erm cell tumours most often develop in the ovary or rescuers because this is where most germ cells are.
prostate gland
Prostate gland - biggest of the accessory glands and produces enzymes which break down proteins and maintains the semen in a fluid state, and stops clotting here.
testes
- begin development in abdomen
- exocrine, sperm cells, endocrine gland, testosterone
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varicocele
- dilation of pampiniform venous plexus
- may be due to obstruction of the testicular vein
- characterised by ‘bag of worms’ appearance
hydrocoele
- accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis
passage of male urethra
top- prostatic
middle- membranous
bottom- pendulous/penile
uterus position
Anteverted - orientated forward
Anteflexed - fundus forward relative to cervix
Retroverted - orientated backward
Retroflexed - fundus points backward
round ligament
Round ligament - maintains anteflexion of uterus i.e. fundus pointing forward.
broad ligament
Broad ligament - acts as a mesentery and has a minor role in keeping the uterus forward.
suspensory ligament
Suspensory ligament (of ovary) - not a functioning ligament but contains blood supply of the ovaries. It connects to the anterior abdominal wall.
ovarian ligament
Ovarian ligament - connects ovary and lateral aspect of the uterus.
rectouterin pouch
Rectouterine pouch - double fold of peritoneum between rectum and back wall of uterus. It is a point most inferior where infection and fluids can accumulate. Fluid can be extracted or sampled from here called a culdocentesis, collection of that fluid from the cul-de-sac space.
