anatomy

Question 1

female reproductive organs

Answer 1

• ovary
• uterine tube
• uterus
• vagina
• urethra
• bladder
• kidney and ureter (tube)

Question 2

male reproductive system

Answer 2

• kidney and ureter
• prostae
• urethra
• penis
• vas deferens
• testis

Question 3

peritoneum

Answer 3

The peritoneum is a continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs (abdominal viscera).

It acts to support the viscera, and provides pathways for blood vessels and lymph to travel to and from the viscera.

Question 4

parietal peritoneum

Answer 4

The parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall, it is derived from somatic mesoderm in the embryo.

It receives the same somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominal wall that it lines; therefore, pain from the parietal peritoneum is well localised. Parietal peritoneum is sensitive to pressure, pain, laceration and temperature.

Question 5

visceral peritoneum

Answer 5

The visceral peritoneum invaginates to cover the majority of the abdominal viscera. It is derived from splanchnic mesoderm in the embryo.

The visceral peritoneum has the same autonomic nerve supply as the viscera it covers.

Unlike the parietal peritoneum, pain from the visceral peritoneum is poorly localised and the visceral peritoneum is only sensitive to stretch and chemical irritation.

Question 6

intraperitoneal organs

Answer 6

Spleen, stomach and liver

Question 7

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 7

These are not related to the visceral peritoneum and the peritoneum only covers the from (anterior) aspect.

The oesophagus, rectum and kidneys are mainly the retroperitoneal structures, and then there are structures which were initially within the peritoneum but through the twists and turns of the embryo, others became retroperitoneal.
- T12-L3
ribs 11 and 12

Question 8

kidneys

Answer 8

Right lower than left
only need one
Function:
filter waste, produce urine
regulate blood:
pressure, ions, pH, osmolarity, volume, glucose level
hormone production
calcitriol (active vitamin D)
erythropoietin

Question 9

calcitriol and erythropoietin

Answer 9

Calcitriol - raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption from the gut, kidney and stimulation of release from bones

Erythropoietin - secreted in response to hypoxia or low blood glucose.

Question 10

cortex and medulla of kidney

Answer 10

CORTEX
aka “body”, is supporting tissue
Contains glomeruli, Bowman’s capsule and convoluted tubules

MEDULLA
the “functional” tissue
organised into renal (medullary) pyramids

Question 11

nephron and collecting tubules

Answer 11

Functional unit

Comprised of:

Renal corpuscle – glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

2. Renal tubules

Question 12

filtering in kidney

Answer 12

1. filtrations from arteriole to glomerular capillaries
2. reabsorption from Bowmans capsule to peribular capillaries
3. back to Bowmans capsule, secretion
4. urinary excretion

Question 13

renal tubules

Answer 13

Comprised of:

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

Diuretics (sodium linked)

Question 14

loop of henle

Answer 14

acting as a concentration gradient for fluids and electrolytes

Question 15

diuretics

Answer 15

Diuretics work by promotion of urination and is sodium linked, and increase the excretion of water. They can be used to treat conditions like heart failure, cirrhosis or high blood pressure (hypertension)

Question 16

anatomy of kidney

Answer 16

Interlobar artery - supply the renal lobes

Cortical blood vessels - supplying the cortex

Arcuate blood vessels - found at the border with the cortex and medulla and are shaped in arcs and com the interlobar arteries.

Question 17

renal arteries

Answer 17

Renal arteries are direct branches of the aorta and typically lie behind the renal veins.
The renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava and on the left this renal vein lies over the renal artery typically. The left renal vein has a longer course than the right renal vein.

Question 18

phrenic and gonadal vein

Answer 18

The phrenic veins drain under the diaphragm.

The gonadal vein on the left drains into the left renal vein, whereas on the right, the right renal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.

Note the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric arteries supplying the foregut and the midgut respectively.

Question 19

ureters

Answer 19

The trigone as the name suggests is a triangular area where the ureteric orifices are superiorly (i.e. the ureteric meatuses) - the opening of the ureters and the urethra is inferiorly, where urine passes to go externally.

The urinary bladder is a muscular organ comprised of specialized smooth muscle called the detrusor.

This organ helps store the urine and also helps in its removal from the body. This muscle is oriented in many directions to help in its contraction and relaxation in expanding and shrinking dependent on the amount of urine present.

Question 20

variation in renal artery

Answer 20

• adrenal gland, endocrine gland

top- inferior phrenic artery
middle- abdominal aorta
bottom- renal

Question 21

polycystic kidney disease

Answer 21

• autosomal dominant
• common cause of renal failure
• high level of parenchymal loss

Question 22

ureter

Answer 22

• transport urine to urinary bladder
• highly sensitive, blocked by kidney stones
• ## risks of UTI passing up to kidney

Question 23

urinary bladder in females

Answer 23

The urinary bladder is a muscular organ comprised of specialized smooth muscle called the detrusor.

This organ helps store the urine and also helps in its removal from the body. This muscle is oriented in many directions to help in its contraction and relaxation in expanding and shrinking dependent on the amount of urine present.

Question 24

germ cells

Answer 24

Germ cell tumours develop in germ cells. These are the cells in the body that develop into sperm and eggs. erm cell tumours most often develop in the ovary or rescuers because this is where most germ cells are.

Question 25

prostate gland

Answer 25

Prostate gland - biggest of the accessory glands and produces enzymes which break down proteins and maintains the semen in a fluid state, and stops clotting here.

Question 26

testes

Answer 26

• begin development in abdomen
• exocrine, sperm cells, endocrine gland, testosterone
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Question 27

varicocele

Answer 27

• dilation of pampiniform venous plexus
• may be due to obstruction of the testicular vein
• characterised by ‘bag of worms’ appearance

Question 28

hydrocoele

Answer 28

• accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

Question 29

passage of male urethra

Answer 29

top- prostatic
middle- membranous
bottom- pendulous/penile

Question 30

uterus position

Answer 30

Anteverted - orientated forward
Anteflexed - fundus forward relative to cervix
Retroverted - orientated backward
Retroflexed - fundus points backward

Question 31

round ligament

Answer 31

Round ligament - maintains anteflexion of uterus i.e. fundus pointing forward.

Question 32

broad ligament

Answer 32

Broad ligament - acts as a mesentery and has a minor role in keeping the uterus forward.

Question 33

suspensory ligament

Answer 33

Suspensory ligament (of ovary) - not a functioning ligament but contains blood supply of the ovaries. It connects to the anterior abdominal wall.

Question 34

ovarian ligament

Answer 34

Ovarian ligament - connects ovary and lateral aspect of the uterus.

Question 35

rectouterin pouch

Answer 35

Rectouterine pouch - double fold of peritoneum between rectum and back wall of uterus. It is a point most inferior where infection and fluids can accumulate. Fluid can be extracted or sampled from here called a culdocentesis, collection of that fluid from the cul-de-sac space.