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Skeletal, Muscular and Movement > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what muscles make the hamstring

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendiaous
Semimembranosus

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2
Q

What muscles make up the quads

A

rectos femoris
vastus lateralis
vatus medialis

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3
Q

what does the muscular system do?

A
  1. Produce movement
  2. Maintain posture
  3. Stabilize joints
  4. Generates heat
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4
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  1. excitability
  2. contraction
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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5
Q

what is excitability

A

the ability to respond to stimuli

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6
Q

what is contraction

A

the ability to contract/shorten

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7
Q

what is extensibility

A

the ability to extend/lengthen

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8
Q

what is elasticity

A

the ability to return to original shape

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9
Q

what are the types of muscle cells

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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10
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

cylindrical
striated
multi-nucleated
(mostly) voluntarily controlled
Varys in contraction speed

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11
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • Brached
  • striated
  • multinucleated
  • involuntarily controlled
  • mostly slow and steady contractions
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12
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • arranged in uniform layers
  • non-striated
  • uninucleated
  • involuntarily contracted
  • slow contractions, sustained for long periods
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13
Q

what is an “origin”

A

an attachment point of the tendon to the stationary bone

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14
Q

what is an “insertion”

A

an attachment point of the tendon to the more moveable bone

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15
Q

what is a “prime mover”

A

The muscle doing the action
- (ex. Contracting)
In some cases one or more muscles help do so

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16
Q

what is an “antagonist”

A

Opposing a muscle in an action
- (Ex. Lengthen/Extend)
Does opposite of the “prime mover”

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17
Q

how does skeletal muscle attach to bone?

A

Via tendon

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18
Q

what is the skeletal muscle covered in?

A

epimysium

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19
Q

what is a fascicle

A

It is a bundle of fibers

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20
Q

what are fascicles covered in?

A

perimysium

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21
Q

what is muscle fiber

A
  • long and thin
  • bundle of myofibers
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22
Q

What are muscle fibers covered in?

A

endomysium + sarcoplasmic reticulation

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23
Q

what are myofibrils

A

thread like mixture of 2 myofilaments

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24
Q

how are myofibrils structured?

A

into sarcomeres

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25
Q

what happens at the myofibrils?

A

contraction

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26
Q

what types of myofilaments are there?

A

actin + myosin

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27
Q

what do actin and myosin do?

A

they are responsible for cell movement

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28
Q

what is the purpose of muscle membrane?

A

membranes allow for fibers to slide without building up friction

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29
Q

what is the muscle contraction cycle?

A
  1. ATD becomes ADP+P releasing energy to activate a myosin head
  2. A cross-bridge is formed when myosin attaches to troponin
  3. Power stroke: energy in myosin pulls actin towards the medial line
    - ADP+P are released
  4. Detachment: new ADP attaches, releasing the cross bridge
  5. Reset: Return stroke myosin falls
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30
Q

what are the five functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. structure
  2. protection
  3. storage
  4. manufacturing
  5. movement
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31
Q

what is structure?

A
  1. bear weight of the body
  2. bind framework togeather
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32
Q

what is storage?

A
  • storage of minerals
  • storage of yellow marrow fat
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33
Q

what is manufacturing?

A

make red blood cells in the red bone marrow
- ex. hematopoiesis

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34
Q

what is movement?

A
  1. bones creat a framework for motion
  2. joints provide moveable points
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35
Q

what are flat bones?

A
  • thin
  • can curve
  • 2 layers
  • compacted around spongy
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36
Q

examples of flat bones?

A
  • scapula
  • skull
  • coxal
  • sternum
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37
Q

what are long bones?

A
  • they are larger in length than they are in width.
  • cylindrical
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38
Q

examples of long bones

A
  • femur
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • ribs
  • clavicle
  • fingers + toes
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39
Q

what are irregular bones?

A
  • odd-shaped bones
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40
Q

examples of irregular bones?

A
  • vertebra
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
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41
Q

what are short bones?

A
  • cuboidal
  • spongy bone
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42
Q

examples of short bones

A
  • carpals
  • tarsals
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43
Q

what are sesmoid bones?

A

Bones that are free floating in the tendon

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44
Q

examples of sesamoid bones

A
  • Patella
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45
Q

what is spongy bone?

A
  • Looks like a sponge
  • A lattice of trabeculae to protect from compression
  • this space is filled with red marrow
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46
Q

what is the compact bone?

A
  • its osteons arranged in connective circles called lamellae
  • each osteon has a center called a haversion canal
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47
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A
  • made up of the main blood vessels
  • filled with bone marrow
    ( If red then its younger marrow, if yellow its older marrow)
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48
Q

what is yellow bone marrow?

A

its the storage of fat, minerals, and nutrients

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49
Q

what do blood vessels do?

A

they provide the blood supply to the bone cells

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50
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A
  • its the end of the long bone
  • the spongy bone area
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51
Q

what is the epiphyseal line?

A
  • it’s the layer that has inner cartilage to help with stability during growth
  • where growth starts
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52
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

it is the outer covering of the connective tissue that attaches to the next thing

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53
Q

what is diaphysis?

A
  • it’s the long shaft of the bone
  • the growth comes from the epiphseilplate
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54
Q

what does articular cartilage do?

A
  • it covers the epiphyses
  • it allows for smooth movement of the joints (Hayline)
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55
Q

what is trabeculae?

A
  • its calcified and resists compression
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56
Q

what are the spaces in the spongy bone filled with?

A

red marrow

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57
Q

what is spongy bone made out of?

A

Trabeulae

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58
Q

what are the parts of a compact bone?

A
  • osteons
    -coniculi
    -lammellae
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59
Q

what are osteons?

A
  • they are one entire unit
  • they are long and cylindrical
  • they run perpendicular
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60
Q

what are coniculi?

A
  • They connect bone with cells
  • Help with nutrients and waste movement
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61
Q

what are lamellae?

A

They are connective circles within all osteons

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62
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

They are mature bone cells embedded in calcified matrix

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63
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

They are bone-forming cells that secrete the ground substance that becomes spongy

64
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

They are bone-killing cells
- Breaks down bone for remodeling growth or repair

65
Q

what are the types of chemical composition of the bone?

A

Organic and inorganic

66
Q

what is the organic composition of the bone?

A

made up of collagen fibers
- provides flexibility + strength
- protects the bone from being broken constantly
- has low collagen levels which cause osteogenesis imperfecta

67
Q

what is the inorganic composition of the bone?

A
  • made of mineral and crystalline salts made of hydroxyapatite
  • provides strength and hardening
68
Q

what does a lack of hydroxyapatites cause?

A

it causes holes in the bone

69
Q

what do you do if the level of blood is too low?

A
  1. PTH is added
  2. oseocalsts break down to relax
  3. increase in blood levels
  4. back to homeostasis
70
Q

what do you do if the level of blood is too high?

A
  1. thyroid glans produce calcitonin
  2. blood is absorbed into the bone
  3. blood levels decrease
  4. back to homeostasis
71
Q

what is a transverse break?

A

a clean break

72
Q

what is a open/compound break?

A

when the bone breaks through the skin

73
Q

what is an oblique break?

A

when the bone breaks diagonally

74
Q

what is a comminuted break?

A

when the bone breaks into tiny pieces

75
Q

what is a segmental break?

A

when the bone is broken into 2+ parts

76
Q

what is an oblique-displaced break?

A

when the bone is unaligned after the break occurs

77
Q

what is an avulsion break?

A

when the bone is pulled away from the tendon or ligament

78
Q

what is a spiral break?

A

when the bone break spirals around the bone

79
Q

what is a greenstick break?

A

when its only a small crack

80
Q

what are the steps of bone healing?

A
  1. hematoma forms
  2. callus forms
  3. callus ossifies
  4. compact bone forms
81
Q

what happens when hematoma forms?

A
  • blood enters the wound
  • cells begin to die
  • phagocytes ingest dead bone cells and debris
82
Q

what happens when callus forms?

A
  • blood vessels grow
  • cartilage forms to hold the bone together
83
Q

what happens when the callus ossifies?

A
  • spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage.
  • it takes time for the osteoblasts to travel
84
Q

what happens when compact bone forms?

A
  • osteoclasts form a larger medullary cavity
  • spongy bone is converted to compact bone
  • often visual bumps become permanent
85
Q

what are the types of bone markings?

A

projections, thin/linear, depressions and other

86
Q

what are the types of projections

A
  • condyle
    -epicondyle
  • process
  • trochanter
  • tubercle
  • tuberosity
87
Q

condyle

A

rounded process that’s articulated with a bone

88
Q

epicondyle

A

the projection above the condyle

89
Q

process

A

permanent projection on a bone

90
Q

trochanter

A

relatively large process

91
Q

tubercle

A

small, knoblike process

92
Q

tuberosity

A

knoblike process usually larger then the tubercle

93
Q

what are the types of thin/liner bone markings?

A
  • crest
  • spine
  • sulcus
94
Q

crest

A

narrow

95
Q

spine

A

thorn-like projection

96
Q

sulcus

A

furrow or groove

97
Q

what are the different types of depressions?

A
  • foramen
  • fossa
  • fovea
  • meatus
98
Q

foramen

A

opening through a bone that usually is a passing for blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments

99
Q

fossa

A
  • relatively deep pit
  • depression
100
Q

fovea

A
  • tiny pit
  • depression
101
Q

meatus

A

tube-like passageway within a bone

102
Q

what are the other types of bone markings?

A
  • facet
  • fontanel
  • head
  • sinus
  • suture
103
Q

facet

A

small, nearly flat surface

104
Q

fontanel

A

the soft spot in the skull where the membrane covers the space between

105
Q

head

A

enlargement on the end of the bone

106
Q

sinus

A

cavity within a bone

107
Q

suture

A

interlocking line of union between bones

108
Q

@ birth how many vertebrae do we have?

A

33

109
Q

After some fuse together how many vertebrae do we have?

A

24

110
Q

crunching your arm towards your chest is?

A

flexion

111
Q

bringing your leg back to the normal position after looking like a flamingo

A

extension

112
Q

moving your head to where your chin meets your chest

A

flexion

113
Q

moving your chin from your chest to the normal position

A

extension

114
Q

moving your head back to where your eyes are looking at the sky

A

hyperextension

115
Q

moving your head from left to right

A

rotation

116
Q

rotating your leg towards the midline of your body

A

medial rotation

117
Q

rotating your leg to the outside of your body

A

lateral rotation

118
Q

moving your wrist in a circular motion

A

circumduction

119
Q

moving your arm away from your body

A

abduction

120
Q

moving your arm toward your body

A

adduction

121
Q

palm down

A

pronation

122
Q

palm up

A

supination

123
Q

moving your toes towards the sky

A

dorsiflexion

124
Q

moving your toes towards the ground

A

plantar flexion

125
Q

soles in

A

inversion

126
Q

soles out

A

eversion

127
Q

bottom jaw moving up

A

elevation

128
Q

bottom jaw moving down

A

depression

129
Q

pushing your bottom jaw away from your body

A

protrusion

130
Q

pushing your bottom toward your body

A

retraction

131
Q

what is functional?

A

what the joints do

132
Q

types of functional

A
  • immoveable
  • slightly movable
  • free moving
133
Q

what is structural

A

explains the binding of the joints

134
Q

types of structural

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
135
Q

what are fibrous joints?

A
  • immovable/slightly moveable
  • held together with connective tissue
136
Q

where can you find fibrous cartilage?

A
  • between the tibia + fibula, radius + ulna
  • cranial sutures
  • joints that hold your teeth in place
137
Q

what are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • immoveable/slightly moveable
  • can be fibro or hyaline
138
Q

where can you find cartilaginous cartilage?

A

in between intervertebral discs ( immovable fibro) or Costal cartilage (smooth hyaline)

139
Q

what are synovial joints?

A
  • freely moving joints
  • @ each joint is a sac of synovial fluid surrounding the joint
140
Q

what are some synovial joint features?

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • joint capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • ligaments
  • nerves and blood vessels
141
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the surface of the bone

142
Q

Joint cavity

A

cavity of fluid
- at only a articular surface

143
Q

Joint capsule

A

a fibrous cavity that extends past bone heads, condyles, etc.

144
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricant within the cavity

145
Q

ligaments

A

bandlike, for reinforcement

146
Q

nerves and blood vessels

A

are in capsules and membranes

147
Q

what are the 6 synovial joints

A
  • pivot
  • hinge
  • ball and socket
  • saddle
  • condylar
  • gliding
148
Q

pivot joint

A

allows rotation
- ex. neck

149
Q

hinge joints

A

only can move in one direction
- ex. knee

150
Q

ball and socket joint

A
  • most moveable joint
  • allows bones to spin and turn
  • ex. hips
151
Q

saddle joints

A

allows bones to move in opposite directions at one time
- ex. thumb

152
Q

condylar joints

A

its a pedestal with a joint on top
- ex. distal end of the tibia and fibula

153
Q

gliding joints

A

allows back and forth
- ex. carpals/tarsals

154
Q

what is protection?

A
  • encircle
  • essential organs
    • ribs, lungs, heart ect.
155
Q

what muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subsapularis

Skeletal, Muscular and Movement (2 decks)

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