Anatomy Flashcards
posterior
towards the back
anterior
towards the front
ventral
towards the front
dorsal
towards the back
superior
toward the head
inferior
away from the head
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
proximal
toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
distal
away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
superficial
external; located close to or on the body surface
deep
internal; located further beneath the body surface than superficial structures
cervical
regional term referring to the neck
thoracic
regional term referring to the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen; aka the chest or thorax
lumbar
regional term referring to the portion of the back between the abdomen and pelvis
plantar
the sole of the foot
dorsal
the top surface of the foot and hand
palmar
the anterior or ventral surface of the hand
sagittal plane
an imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body or any of its parts into left and right parts; gives rise to medial and lateral aspects of the body
frontal plane
an imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane; gives rise to anterior and posterior aspects of the body
transverse plane
aka horizontal plane; an imaginary line that divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior parts; gives rise to superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects of the body.
arthro
joint
bi
two
brachium
arm
cardio
heart
cephalo
head
chondro
cartilage
costo
rib
dermo
skin
hemo, hemat
blood
ilio
ilium; the wide upper part of the pelvic bone
myo
muscle
os, osteo
bone
thoraco
chest
tri
three
blood is composed of _____ parts
two
what are formed elements?
one of the two parts of blood; comprised of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
what is the composition of plasma?
92% water and 8% dissolved solutes
what are arterioles
smaller arteries that connect arteries with capillaries
what is the mediastinum
the space separating the lungs containing the heart
what are the 4 main plexuses of the human body?
1) the cervical plexus (whose nerves supply the head, neck, upper chest, and shoulders)
2) the brachial plexus (whose nerves supply the shoulders to the fingers)
3) the lumbar plexus (which innervates the abdomen, groin, genitalia and anterior and lateral thigh)
4) the sacral plexus (which innervates the large muscles of the posterior thigh and the entire lower leg, ankle and foot)
what is the axial skeleton?
the 80 bones that comprise the head, neck and trunk
what is the appendicular skeleton?
the 126 bones that form the extremeties
what are the five basic functions of the skeletal system?
1) protection for vital organs
2) support for soft tissue
3) provides a framework of levers to which muscles are attached; when particular muscles contract, long bones typically act as levers to produce movement
4) red marrow produces certain blood cells (red blood cells, some types of white blood cells, and platelets)
5) bones serve as storage sites for calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and other minerals
what are the two main ingredients of which bone is comprised?
collagen (a complex protein that is found in various forms within other connective tissue), and an inorganic component (which is comprised of mineral salts - primarily calcium and potassium)
what is Wolff’s law?
bone is capable of adjusting its strength in proportion to the amount of stress placed on it
what is a diaphysis?
the shaft of a long bone
what are the two ends of long bones called?
epiphyses
what is the periosteum?
connective tissue sheath surrounding diaphyses of long bones; comprised of two layers: an outer layer that serves as an attachment site for muscles and tendons, and an inner layer (which, when disrupted by fracture, signals the release of osteoblasts)
how many vertebrae are there in the adult vertebral column?
33
how many groups are the vertebrae divided into?
five
what are the five groups of vertebrae in the vertebral column?
1) cervical vertebrae
2) thoracic vertebrae
3) lumbar vertebrae
4) sacral vertebrae
5) coccygeal vertebrae
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
five - fused into one bone (the sacrum)
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4 - fused into one bone (the coccyx)
out of the 33 vertebrae in the human adult vertebral column, why are only 26 moveable?
because the sacral vertebrae and the coccygeal vertebrae become fused
what are the three major structural categories of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
what are fibrous joints?
joints without joint cavities; includes all joints in which the bones are held tightly together by fibrous connective tissue
what are syndesmoses?
fibrous joints
what are synchondroses?
cartilaginous joints
most of the joints in the body are of which type?
synovial
what are diarthroses?
synovial joints
what are the four distinguishing features that set synovial joints apart, structurally, from other types of joints?
1) the ends of bones in synovial joints are covered with a thin layer of articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
2) all synovial joints are surrounded by an articular capsule made of dense, fibrous connective tissue
3) the inner surface of the joint capsule is lined with a thin synovial membrane (whose primary function is the secretion of synovial fluid)
4) synovial fluid - which acts as a lubricant and provides nutrition to the articular cartilage
what are synarthroses?
fibrous joints; syn=together, arthro=joint
what are amphiarthroses?
cartilaginous joints; amphi=both sides, arthro=joint (cartilage on both sides of the joint)
what is a diarthrodial joint?
a synovial joint; di=apart, arthro=joint
what are the factors that limit motion in synovial joints?
1) ligament/capsule tension
2) muscle/tendon tension
3) apposition of soft tissues (i.e., the calf against the hamstrings)
joints with one axis of rotation are known as…?
uniaxial joints
what are uniaxial joints? what are they also known as?
joints with one axis of rotation; hinge joints
what are some examples of uniaxial joints?
the ankle joint proper and the elbow
what are biaxial joints?
joints with two axes of rotation, permitting motion in two planes that are at right angles with respect to one another
what are some examples of biaxial joints?
the knee (tibiofemoral), the joints of the hand and fingers (condyloid joints), and the joints of the foot and toes (also condyloid joints)
what is a condyloid joint?
A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity.
what is a multiaxial joint?
multiaxial joints have at least three axes of motion (they permit motion in at least three planes)
what are examples of multiaxial joints?
the hip joint, the shoulder joint, the thumb joint
what are the basic types of movement in the various synovial joints?
angular and circular
what are angular movements?
angular movements increase or decrease the angle between bones and include primarily flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
what is the sagittal plane?
the anterior-posterior plane
in which plane do flexion and extension occur?
the sagittal plane (the anterior-posterior plane
what is flexion?
flexion usually involves a decrease in the angle between the anterior surfaces of articulating bones
what is extension?
extension describes an increase in the angle between the anterior surfaces of articulating bones.
when describing flexion and/or extension at the knee and toe joints, which articulating surfaces of the joints are referenced?
posterior
abduction and adduction always occur in which plane?
the frontal (medial-lateral) plane
what is abduction?
movements along the frontal (medial-lateral) plane away from the midline of the body.
what is adduction?
movement along the frontal (medial-lateral) plane towards the midline of the body - it’s the opposite of abduction
what is supination?
motion in the transverse (or horizontal) plane; specifically, supination describes lateral (outward) rotation
what is pronation?
motion in the transverse (horizontal) plane; specifically pronation describes inward (posterior) rotation
what is rotation?
the motion of a bone around a central axis; described as being either medial (inward) or lateral (outward) rotation of the anterior surface of the bone involved.
what is circumduction?
a sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
what is an aponeurosis?
a broad, flat type of tendon
what is an example of an aponeurosis?
the wide, flat insertion of the rectus abdominis
what is medial rotation of the foot at the ankle called?
inversion
what is lateral rotation of the foot at the ankle called?
eversion
which actions happen in the sagittal plane?
flexion, extension, dorsiflexion (movement of the top of the foot toward the shin), and plantarflexion (movement of the sole of the foot downward)
what actions happen in the frontal plane?
abduction, adduction, elevation (moving the scapula to a superior position), depression (moving the scapula to an inferior position), inversion (lifting the medial border of the foot - subtalar joint only) and eversion (lifting the lateral border of the foot - subtalar joint only)
what actions happen in the transverse plane?
rotation (medial (inward) or lateral (outward) turning about the vertical axis of bone), pronation (rotating the hand and wrist medially from the elbow), supination (rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the elbow), horizontal flexion (from a 90 degree abducted arm position, the humerus is flexed in toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane), and horizontal extension (return of the humerus from horizontal flexion)
what actions are multiplanar?
circumduction (motion that describes a “cone”; combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in sequential order) and opposition (thumb movement unique to primates and humans
what are synergist muscles?
at most joints several muscles help to perform the same anatomical function; these muscles are functionally known as synergists
what bones form the ankle?
the distal tibia, the distal fibula and the talus
what are the anterior tibial compartment muscles?
anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus
what is the primary function of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment?
the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment contract to extend the toes and dorsiflex the ankle
what are the muscles of the lateral tibial compartment?
peroneus longus and peroneus brevis (aka, the peroneals)
what is the action of the muscles of the lateral tibial compartment?
eversion (abduction) of the foot and plantarflexion of the ankle
what are the muscles of the posterior tibial compartment and how are they further divided?
they are the three superficial muscles of the posterior tibial compartment (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris) and the four deep muscles of the posterior tibial compartment (popliteus, posterior tibialis, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus)
what are the primary functions of the muscles of the posterior tibial compartment?
plantarflexion of the ankle, flexion of the toes and inversion (adduction) of the foot
what are the OIAs of the anterior tibialis?
O-proximal two-thirds of lateral tibia
I-medial aspect of first cuneiform and first metatarsal
A-dorsiflexion at the ankle; inversion at the foot
what are selected exercises for the anterior tibialis?
cycling with toe clips; resisted inversion (with doriflexion)
what are the OIAs of the peroneus longus?
O-head of fibula + proximal two-thirds of lateral fibula
I-inferior aspects of medial tarsal (first cuneiform) and first metatarsal
A-plantarflexion at the ankle; eversion at the foot
what are the OIAs of the peroneus brevis?
O-distal two-thirds of lateral fibula
I-base of the fifth metatarsal
A-plantarflexion at the ankle; eversion at the foot
what are some selected exercises for the peroneus longus?
resisted eversion of the foot; walking on the inside of the foot
what are some selected exercises for the peroneus brevis?
resisted eversion of the foot with rubber tubing; walking on inside of foot
what are the OIAs of the gastrocnemius?
O-posterior surfaces of the femoral condyles
I-posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A-plantarflexion at the ankle
what are some selected exercises for the gastrocnemius?
hill running, jumping rope, weighted toe raises, cycling
what are the OIAs of the soleus?
O-proximal two-thirds of posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula
I-posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A-plantarflexion at the ankle
what are some selected exercises for the soleus?
hill running, weighted toe raises, cycling, bent knee toe raises
what are the OIAs for the posterior tibialis
O-posterior surface of tibia-fibular interosseous membrane
I-lower medial surfaces of medial tarsals and metatarsals
A-plantarflexion at the ankle; inversion at the foot
what are some selected exercises for the posterior tibialis?
resisted inversion of foot with plantarflexion
the 4 major muscles on the front of the thigh are located in which compartment?
the extensor, or anterior, compartment
the muscles of the anterior, or extensor compartment, grouped together, are known as what?
quadriceps femoris
what are the individual muscles of the quadriceps femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis
what are the muscles in the posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh?
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
what muscles are collectively known as the hamstrings?
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
what is the popliteal space?
a triangular-ish area on the posterior aspect of the knee joint, bordered by the tendons of the medial insertion of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus, and the lateral insertion of the biceps femoris
