Anatomy Flashcards
Type of cells in the oesophagus
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Upper 1/3 striated muscle, lower 2/3 smooth muscle
Type of cells in the stomach
Parietal cells - eosinophillic (pink)
Chief cells - basophills
Function of brunner glands and where they are found
Bicarbonate secreting cells of submucosa found in the duodenum
Where is meissners nerve plexus found?
Submucosa
Where is aucherbach’s nerve plexus found
Muscularis externa (myenteric nerve plexus)
Difference in serosa vs adventitia
Serosa found intraperitonea
Adventitia found retroperitoneal
Parasympathetic innervation to foregut, mid gut and hind gut
Foregut - vagus
Mid gut - vagus
Hind gut - pelvis splanchnic nerves
What vertebral level does the coelic, SMA and IMA exit the aorta
Coelic - T12/ L1
SMA - L1
IMA - L3
3 main branches of coeliac trunk
Common hepatic
Splenic
Left gastric
Artery anatomoses supplying the stomach
Left gastric and right gastric (branch of common hepatic)
Left gastroepiploic (branch of left gastric) and right gastroepiploic (branch of common hepatic)
2 main watershed areas of the colon
Splenic flexure (SMA and IMA anastomosis)
Rectosigmoid junction (IMA and hypogastric artery - branch of ILA anastomosis)
Where in the rectum do anal fissures occur and why?
Posterior midline because its poorly perfused
Nerve supply to rectum
Above pectinate line - visceral innervation from inferior hypogastric plexus T12-L3
Below pectinate line - somatic innervation from pudendal nerve S2-S4
Nerve supply to rectum
Above pectinate line - visceral innervation from inferior hypogastric plexus T12-L3
Below pectinate line - somatic innervation from pudendal nerve S2-S4
Arterial supply to rectum
Above pectinate line - superior rectal artery (branch of IMA)
Below pectinate line - inderior rectal artery (branch of internal pudendal)
Venous drainage of rectum
Above pectinate line drains via superior rectal vein to IMV - splenic vein - portal circulation
Below pectinate line drains via inferior rectal vein to internal illiac- common illiac - IVC
Venous drainage of rectum
Above pectinate line drains via superior rectal vein to IMV - splenic vein - portal circulation
Below pectinate line drains via inferior rectal vein to internal illiac- common illiac - IVC
Lymphatic drainage of rectum
Above pectinate to internal illiac LN
Below pectinate to superficial inguinal LN
Contents of femoral triangle
Femoral nerve - artery - vein - lymphatics (in order from lateral to medial)
Location of direct vs indirect hernias
MD’s dont Lie
Medial to epigastric vessels - direct
Lateral to epigastric vessels - indirect
Direct vs indirect hernia paths
Indirect proteudes through deep and superficial rings and into the groin caused by failure of processus vaginalis to close
Direct protrudes through inguinal triangle due to weakness in traversalis fascia
pnemonic for contents of inguinal canal
MALT
- 2 muscles, 2 aponeuroses, 2 ligaments, 2 T’s
SALT
- Superior, anterior, lower floor, posTerior
contents of anterior wall of inguinal canal
aponeurosis of internal oblique and external oblique
contents of posterior wall of inguinal canal
transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon
contents of superior wall of inguinal canal
internal oblique and transversus abdominus
contents of inferior wall of inguinal canal
inguinal and lacunar ligaments
the external illiac artery become the femoral artery after crossing what structure
inguinal ligament
normal rotation of the GI tract during development
270 counterclockwise rotation around superior mesenteri artery and returns to abdominal cavity by 10th week
1st line treatment for hepatic encephalopathy and mode of action
lactulose
acdifies colonic contents and reduces absorption ammonia in the bowel
