Anatomy

Question 1

Type of cells in the oesophagus

Answer 1

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Upper 1/3 striated muscle, lower 2/3 smooth muscle

Question 2

Type of cells in the stomach

Answer 2

Parietal cells - eosinophillic (pink)
Chief cells - basophills

Question 3

Function of brunner glands and where they are found

Answer 3

Bicarbonate secreting cells of submucosa found in the duodenum

Question 4

Where is meissners nerve plexus found?

Answer 4

Submucosa

Question 5

Where is aucherbach’s nerve plexus found

Answer 5

Muscularis externa (myenteric nerve plexus)

Question 6

Difference in serosa vs adventitia

Answer 6

Serosa found intraperitonea
Adventitia found retroperitoneal

Question 7

Parasympathetic innervation to foregut, mid gut and hind gut

Answer 7

Foregut - vagus
Mid gut - vagus
Hind gut - pelvis splanchnic nerves

Question 8

What vertebral level does the coelic, SMA and IMA exit the aorta

Answer 8

Coelic - T12/ L1
SMA - L1
IMA - L3

Question 9

3 main branches of coeliac trunk

Answer 9

Common hepatic
Splenic
Left gastric

Question 10

Artery anatomoses supplying the stomach

Answer 10

Left gastric and right gastric (branch of common hepatic)
Left gastroepiploic (branch of left gastric) and right gastroepiploic (branch of common hepatic)

Question 11

2 main watershed areas of the colon

Answer 11

Splenic flexure (SMA and IMA anastomosis)
Rectosigmoid junction (IMA and hypogastric artery - branch of ILA anastomosis)

Question 12

Where in the rectum do anal fissures occur and why?

Answer 12

Posterior midline because its poorly perfused

Question 13

Nerve supply to rectum

Answer 13

Above pectinate line - visceral innervation from inferior hypogastric plexus T12-L3

Below pectinate line - somatic innervation from pudendal nerve S2-S4

Question 14

Nerve supply to rectum

Answer 14

Above pectinate line - visceral innervation from inferior hypogastric plexus T12-L3

Below pectinate line - somatic innervation from pudendal nerve S2-S4

Question 15

Arterial supply to rectum

Answer 15

Above pectinate line - superior rectal artery (branch of IMA)
Below pectinate line - inderior rectal artery (branch of internal pudendal)

Question 16

Venous drainage of rectum

Answer 16

Above pectinate line drains via superior rectal vein to IMV - splenic vein - portal circulation

Below pectinate line drains via inferior rectal vein to internal illiac- common illiac - IVC

Question 17

Venous drainage of rectum

Answer 17

Above pectinate line drains via superior rectal vein to IMV - splenic vein - portal circulation

Below pectinate line drains via inferior rectal vein to internal illiac- common illiac - IVC

Question 18

Lymphatic drainage of rectum

Answer 18

Above pectinate to internal illiac LN
Below pectinate to superficial inguinal LN

Question 19

Contents of femoral triangle

Answer 19

Femoral nerve - artery - vein - lymphatics (in order from lateral to medial)

Question 20

Location of direct vs indirect hernias

Answer 20

MD’s dont Lie
Medial to epigastric vessels - direct
Lateral to epigastric vessels - indirect

Question 21

Direct vs indirect hernia paths

Answer 21

Indirect proteudes through deep and superficial rings and into the groin caused by failure of processus vaginalis to close

Direct protrudes through inguinal triangle due to weakness in traversalis fascia

Question 22

pnemonic for contents of inguinal canal

Answer 22

MALT
- 2 muscles, 2 aponeuroses, 2 ligaments, 2 T’s

SALT
- Superior, anterior, lower floor, posTerior

Question 23

contents of anterior wall of inguinal canal

Answer 23

aponeurosis of internal oblique and external oblique

Question 24

contents of posterior wall of inguinal canal

Answer 24

transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon

Question 25

contents of superior wall of inguinal canal

Answer 25

internal oblique and transversus abdominus

Question 26

contents of inferior wall of inguinal canal

Answer 26

inguinal and lacunar ligaments

Question 27

the external illiac artery become the femoral artery after crossing what structure

Answer 27

inguinal ligament