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Endocrine System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The anterior pituitary develops from outpouching of the _________________.

The posterior pituitary develops as an extension of _______________.

A

Anterior: outpouching of roof of pharynx (Rathke’s pouch)

Posterior: extension of diencephalon

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2
Q

What are 6 hormones secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

1) MSH (melanotrophs in pars intermedia)

2) TSH (thyrotrophs)

3) ACTH (corticotrophs)

4) LH/FSH (gonadotrophs)

5) Prolactin (mammotrophs)

6) Growth hormone (somatotrophs)

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

1) Pars distalis
2) Pars intermedia
3) Pars tuberalis

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4
Q

What is a chromophobe?

A

Non-staining degranulated chromophils cells (found in pars distalis of anterior pituitary)

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5
Q

Which of the chromophils in the anterior pituitary are acidophils?

A

1) Somatotrophs (GH)
2) Mammotrophs (Prolactin)

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6
Q

Which of the chromophils in the anterior pituitary are basophils?

A

1) Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
2) Corticotrophs (ACTH)
3) Thyrotrophs (TSH)

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7
Q

Can the individual types of chromophils be differentiated by HnE staining?

A

No, can only differentiate Acidophils, Basophils and Chromophobes

Differentiation into type of acido/basophils require IHC or special staining

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8
Q

Which endocrine hormones are secreted from the pars distalis?

A

1) GH
2) Prolactin
3) FSH/LH
4) ACTH
5) TSH

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9
Q

Which endocrine cell is located in the Pars intermedia?

A

Melanotrophs (Melanocyte stimulating hormone)

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10
Q

What are 3 histological features of the Pars tuberalis?

A

1) Undifferentiated cells (gonadotrophs)
2) Many chromophobes
3) Some basophils and acidophils

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11
Q

What are the 2 other names of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

1) Neurohypophysis
2) Pars Nervosa

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12
Q

What are 3 histological features of the neurohypophysis?

A

1) Axons of neurosecretory cells
- in supraoptic nucleus (SON) & Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus

2) Pituicytes (supporting cells)

3) Herring bodies (storage units of terminal ends of axons)

4) Large number of capillaries

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13
Q

What are 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

1) ADH
2) Oxytocin

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14
Q

What is the histological appearance of herring bodies and where they found?

A

Pink inclusion bodies in the Pars nervosa (posterior pituitary)

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15
Q

Describe the blood supply of the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Internal carotid artery:
Superior hypophyseal artery
→ Primary capillary plexus (supply stalk and median eminence)
→ Hypophyseal portal veins
→ Secondary capillary plexus
→ Hypophyseal veins

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16
Q

Describe the blood supply of the posterior pituitary gland.

A

Internal carotid artery:
Inferior hypophyseal artery

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17
Q

What are 2 ways of anterior pituitary control?

A

1) Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
2) Negative feedback by plasma levels of hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

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18
Q

What are the 2 functional groups of endocrine hormones?

A

1) Hormones directly acting on non-endocrine tissues (eg. GH, Prolactin, ADH)

2) Hormones modulating activity of other endocrine glands (eg. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

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19
Q

What are 3 endocrine organs not under pituitary control?

A

1) Pancreas
2) Adrenal Medulla
3) Parathyroid

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20
Q

What are 4 examples of pituitary disorders?

A

1) Adenomas of adenohypophysis
2) Gigantism in children, Acromegaly in adults
3) Cushing’s disease
4) Diabetes insipidus (head trauma → damage to PP)

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21
Q

What is the embyrological origin of the thyroid gland?

A

Foregut endoderm

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22
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior and inferior to larynx in region of the neck

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23
Q

What are 2 macroscopic features of the thyroid?

A

1) Butterfly-shaped gland w 2 lobes connected by an isthmus
2) Capsule
3) Richly supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries

24
Q

The thyroid is the only endocrine organ to store its secretion in a large amount in the ____________.

A

Follicular lumen

25
Q

What are 2 nerves that are in close relation to the thyroid?

A

1) Vagus
2) L recurrent laryngeal nerve

26
Q

What are 2 arteries supplying the thyroid?

A

1) Superior thyroid artery
2) Inferior thyroid artery

27
Q

Colloids in the thyroid follicle are formed by ___________ and contain _______________ which is released under __________ control.

A

Formed by rounded epithelial follicles (cuboidal to columnar type cells)

Contain thyroglobulin

Under TSH Control

28
Q

What is the embryological origin of the parafollicular cells?

A

Neural crest

29
Q

What do the parafollicular cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

30
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Regulate blood calcium level

31
Q

What do follicular cells secrete?

A

T3 (Tri-iodothyronine)
T4 (Tetra-iodothyonine)

32
Q

What do T3 and T4 do?

A

Regulate basal metabolic rate and influence growth and maturation of nervous tissue

33
Q

Describe the physiological control/regulation of T3 and T4 release.

A

Negative feedback

Low T3 and T4
1) Hypothalamus release TRH → pituitary
2) Pituitary release TSH →thyroid
3) Thyroid release T3 and T4

(sensed by hypothalamus → ↓TRH)

34
Q

What are 4 thyroid gland disorders?

A

1) Overproduction of thyroid hormones
2) Underproduction of thyroid hormones
3) Thyroid nodules
4) Thyroiditis
5) Thyroid neoplasms

35
Q

Where are the 4 parathyroid glands?

A

4 ovoid masses on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland within capsule

36
Q

What is the active endocrine unit/cell of the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells
- small polygonal cells w round nuclei and pale staining cytoplasm

37
Q

What are oxyphils cells and where are they found?

A

Large cells, more acidophilic
(seen in old people coz its degenerated chief cells)

38
Q

Low serum Ca levels stimulates _____ to secrete ______.

A

Low serum Ca levels stimulate Chief cells to secrete PTH

39
Q

What is the moa of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

1) ↑Osteoclastic activity in bones → ↑Ca release into blood

2) ↑Ca reabsorption in DCT of renal cortex

3) ↓ phosphate reabsorption in PCT

4) Indirectly ↑ Ca absorption in small intestine by stimulating Vitamin D absorption

40
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

Rare (maybe after total thyroidectomy)
→ leads to spasm of muscles (hypocalcemic tetany) & mineralisation of bone

41
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Tumours (adenoma) or chronic renal failure
→ bone pain/renal stones

42
Q

What are 5 functions of calcium?

A

1) Muscle contraction
2) Nerve conduction
3) blood coagulation
4) Enzyme activation
5) Second messenger
6) Myocardial function
7) Bone and teeth formation

43
Q

Describe the regulation of blood calcium levels.

A

Low Ca:
1) Parathyroid glands sense → PTH
2) PTH stimulate osteoclast activity → resorption of bone
3) Release of Ca into blood

High Ca:
1) Thyroid gland sense → Calcitonin
2) Calcitonin stimulate osteoblast activity → bone formation
3) Removal of Ca from blood

44
Q

How do the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex and medulla differ?

A

Adrenal cortex: Mesoderm
Adrenal medulla: Neural crest

45
Q

What are 2 histological features of the adrenal cortex?

A

1) Steroid secreting cells that have acidophilic cytoplasm rich in lipid droplets w central nuclei

2) Abundant SER and mitochondria that have enzymes for cholesterol synthesis

46
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones within the adrenal cortex are stored in granules and exocytosed in response to hormonal stimuli.

A

False
Steroids are not stored in granules. They diffuse through the plasma membrane

47
Q

What are the 3 sections of the adrenal cortex and their histological appearance?

A

Superficial from capsule:
1) Zona glomerulosa
- columnar/pyramidal cells
- rounded/arched cords
- produce mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

2) Zona fasciculata
- long cords of large polyhedral cells with vacuolated appearance
- produce glucocorticoids (cortisol)

3) Zona reticularis
- smaller cells w irregular cords, heavily stained
- dehydroepiandrosterone (androgens)

48
Q

What endocrine hormone is secreted in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- control water and electrolyte balance

49
Q

What endocrine hormone is secreted in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoid (Cortisol)
- carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism
- suppress immune function
- controlled by ACTH

50
Q

What endocrine hormone is secreted in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (androgens)
- supplement gonadal sex hormone secretion
- supplement cortisol in small amounts

51
Q

What is the main histological features of the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells (modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons)
- Large pale staining polyhedral cells
- have electron dense granules containing catecholamines
- innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons that trigger release of E/NE

52
Q

What is the physiological effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Both:
- glycogenolysis

Epinephrine:
- ↑HR
- dilate bronchioles
- dilate arteries of cardiac and skeletal muscles

Norepinephrine:
- constrict vessles to GI and skin
- ↑blood flow to brain, heart, muscles

53
Q

What is hypoadrenalism?

A

Adrenal cortical insufficiency/Addison’s disease
- due to damage to adrenal cortex
- Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, low blood Na, hypovolemia, hypotension

54
Q

What is hyperadrenalism?

A

Adrenal cortical tumours:
→ Excess glucocorticoids (Cushing’s disease)
→ Excess mineralocorticoids (Conn’s syndrome)

55
Q

What is a Pheochromocytoma?

A

Adrenal medullary tumour
→ ↑production of catecholamines

Endocrine System (9 decks)

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