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Term 4 (PN) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

All things are composed of what?

A

Chemicals consisting atoms

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2
Q

Protons, neutrons, & electrons that make up an atom

A

Subatomic particles

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3
Q

What are the levels or organization?

A

1. Atom
* Tiny particles that make up chemicals
* Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C)

2. Molecule
* Particles consisting of atoms joined together
* Water, Glucose

3. Macromolecule
* Large particles consisting of molecules
* DNA, protein

4. Organelle
* Functional part of cell
* Mitochondrion, lysosome

5. Cell
* Basic unit of structure & functions
* Muscle cell, blood cell

6. Tissue
* Layer/mass of cells w/ specific functions
* Adipose tissue

7. Organ
* Group of different tissues w/ a function
* Heart, kidney

8. Organ system
* Group of organs w/ a common function
* Digestive system, resp. system

9. Organism
* Composed of organ systems interacting
* Human

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4
Q

Bodys maintenance of stable internal enviornment
* Requires most of our metabolic energy

Receptors: Provides information
Control center: Tells what particular value should be
Effectors: Cause responses to change to internal enviornment

A

Homeostasis

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5
Q

Most common homeostatic mech

Effectors return conditions toward normal range
* Maintains balance
* Prevent severe changes in the body
* Long lived

Ex:
* BP
* T
* Glucose (Insulin)

A

Negative feedback loop

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6
Q

Change/deviatuion is intensified, instead of reversed
* Uncommon homeostatic mech in body
* Increases until normal
* Short lived

Ex:
* Blood clots
* Breastfeeding
* Labor

A

Positive feedback loop

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7
Q

Includes head, neck, & trunk
* Cranial cavity: Houses brain
* Vertebral cavity: Spinal cavity/cord, backbone/vertebra
* Thoracic cavity: Heart, lungs and pleura
* Abdominopelvic cavity: All of your organs other than your brain, heart, and lungs

Pg 20

A

Axial portion

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8
Q

What seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

pg 20

A

Diaphragm

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9
Q

Seperated from abdominopelvic by diaphragm
* Broad thin muscle

Walls are composed of skin, skeletal muscles, & bones

At rest, muscle is curved upwards into thorax (like dome) ; when contracting during inhalation, muscle curves down on abdominal viscera

Includes:
* L pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Mediastinum
* R pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Pericardial cavity: Surrounding heart & covering surface

pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10, 37

A

Thoracic cavity

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10
Q

Extends forward to the sternum & backward to the vertebral column

Forms boundry between R & L sides of thoracic cavity
* R & L lungs are on either side

Includes:
* Heart
* Esophagus
* Trachea
* Thymus

pg 20

A

Mediastinum

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11
Q

Includes upper abdominal & lower pelvic portion

Abdominal cavity:
* Viscera found within (stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small/large intestine)

Pelvic cavity:
* Portion enclosed by pelvic bones
* Contains terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, & internal reproductive organs

pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

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12
Q

What are 4 other small cavities located w/in the head?

pg 20

A

Oral cavity: Teeth, tounge

Nasal cavity: Connecting several air-filled sinuses (Fig 7.21 pg 225)

Orbital cavity: Eyes, skeletal muscle, & nerves

Middle ear cavities: Middle ear bone

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13
Q

Line the walls of thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities & folds back to cover organs w/in cavities
* Secrete slippery serous fluid

parieal layer:
* Outer layer
* Lines wall of the thoracic & abdominopevlic cavity

Visceral layer:
* Inner layer
* Covers organs

Examples:
* Visceral & parieal Pleura: Around lungs in thorax
* Visceral & parieal pericardium: Around heart in thorax
* Visceral & parieal Peritoneum: Around abd.pelvi organs

pg 20 & notes

A

Serous membranes

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14
Q

Distinguish the difference between parietal & visceral peritoneum.

pg 20

A

Parietal peritoneum: Lines the wall of the abdoninopelvic cavity

Visceral peritoneum: Covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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15
Q

Major organs include:
* Skin
* Hair
* Nails
* Sweat glands
* Sebaceous glands

Major function:
* Protects tissues
* Regulates body temp
* Suppory sensory receptors

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Integumentary system

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16
Q

Major organs include:
* Bones
* Ligaments
* Cartilages

Major function:
* Provide frame work
* Protect soft tissue
* Provide attachements for muscles
* Produce blood cells
* Store Inorganic salts

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Skeletal System

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17
Q

Major organs include:
* Muscles

Major function:
* Causes movement
* Maintains posture
* Produce body heat

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Muscular system

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18
Q

Major organs include:
* Brain
* Spinal cord
* Nerves
* Sense organs

Major function:
* Detects changes
* Receives & interperates info
* Stimulates muscles & glands

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Nervous system

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19
Q

Major organs include: (Glands that secrete hormones)
* Pituitary gland
* Thyroid gland
* Parathyroid gland
* Adrenal gland
* Pineal gland
* Pancreas
* Ovaries/testes
* Thymus

Major function:
* Control metabolic activities of bodies structure

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Endocrine system

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20
Q

Major organs include:
* Heart
* Arteries
* Capillaries
* Veins

Major function:
* Move blood through blood vessels
* Transport substances throughout body

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Cardiovascular system

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21
Q

Major organs include:
* Lymphiatic vessels
* Lymph nodes
* Thymus
* Spleen

Major function:
* Returne tissue fluid from blood
* Carry certain absorbed food molecules
* Defend body against infection

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Lymphatic system

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22
Q

Major organs include:
* Mouth, tounge, teeth
* Salivary glands
* Pharynx
* Esophagus
* Stomach
* Liver
* Gallbladder
* Pancreas
* Small/Large intestine

Major function:
* Recieve/breakdown/absorb food
* Eliminate unabsorbed material

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Digestive system

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23
Q

Major organs include:
* Nasal cavity
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Lungs

Major function:
* I/O of air
* Gas exchange between air & blood

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Resp. system

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24
Q

Major organs include:
* Kidneys
* Ureters
* Bladder
* Urethra

Major function:
* Remove waste from blood
* Maintain water & electrolyte balance
* Store/eliminate urine

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Urinary system

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25
Q

Major organs include:
* Male: Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbouretgral glands, urethra, penis
* Female: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

Major function:
* Males: Produce/maintain/transfer sperm
* Female: Produce/maintain oocytes (female sex cells), receive sperm, support development of embryo, birth process

pg 26 Table 1.3

A

Reproductive system

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26
Q

What are the definitions of the following positions?

Superior
Inferior

Anterior/Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal

Medial
Lateral
Bilateral

Ipsilateral
Contralateral

Proxial
Distal

Superficial
Deep

A

Superior: Above
Inferior: Below

Anterior/Ventral: Toward front
Posterior/Dorsal: Toward back

Medial: Toward midline
Lateral: Away from midline

Bilateral: Paired structures on both sides
Ipsilateral: Same side
Contralateral: Opposite sides

Proxial: Close to trunk
Distal: Away from trunk

Superficial: Close to body surface
Deep: More internal

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27
Q

Describe how a patient would look in anatomical position?

A

Standing erect / facing forward

Upper limbs at sides w/ palms facing forward

28
Q

Define each body section/ plane:

Sagittal section:

Midsagittal /median:

Paraagittal:

Transverse / Horizontal section:

Coronal / frontol section:

A

Sagittal section: Longituted cut diving body into L & R portions

Midsagittal /median: Divides body into L & R

Parasagittal: Divides body into unequal L & R portions
* Sagittal section lateral to midline

Transverse / Horizontal section: Divides body into superior & inferior parts

Coronal / frontol section: Longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior & porterior portions

29
Q

What 2 things make up all body fluids?

A

Water & electrolytes

30
Q

What are the structure of matter?

A

Matter: Anything that has weight & takes up space
* Composed of elements

Elements: Compose of chemically identical atoms

Atoms: Smallest particle of an element
* Protons (p+): Positive charge, in nucleus
* Neutrons (n0): No charge / neutral, in nucleus
* Electrons (e-): Negative charge, on outside rings

Nucleus: Central part of atom
* composed of protons & neutrons
* Electrons move around

31
Q

T/F: Nucleus contains protons

Pg 62

A

True

32
Q

T/F: The number of electrons equals the number or neutrons

Pg 62

A

FALSE: The number of electrons equals the number or Protons

TIP: This means a complete atom has no net charge & is electronically neutral

33
Q

What are common forms of elements?

What are elements found in the human body?

pg 60

A

Common forms: (Compounds)
* Aluminum
* Iron
* Silver, gold, copper
* C/H/O2

Found in the human body: (Bulk elements)
* C/H/O2
* Nitrogen
* Sulfur
* Phosphorus

34
Q

What is the difference between an atomic number & a mass number?

pg 62

A

Atomic number: Number of protons in nucleus of specific element
* Upper number

Mass number: Number of protons plus neutrons in one atom
* Electrons do not contribute to mass of atom bc they are too light
* Lower number

Example of atomic number:
Hydrogen (H):
* Has 1 proton = Atomic number of 1

Carbon (C):
* Has 6 protons = Atomic number of 6

35
Q

Electronically charged atom that gains/loses electrons in order to become stable

A

Ion

36
Q

Positively charged ion

Formed when atom loses electrons

Attract anions to create a 3D structure

pg 66

A

Cation

37
Q

Negatively charges ion

Formed when atoms gains electrons

Attract cations to create a 3D structure

A

Anion

38
Q

Strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite charge attract

3 steps:
1. Transfer of an electron to form ion
2. Positive & negative ions are attracted to each other
3. Formation of bond

A

Ionic bond

39
Q

Chemical bond formed between atoms that shared electrons
* Strong chemical bonds

Examples:
* Hydrogen (H) can combine to create a molecule = (H2)
* Hydrogen molecule (H2) often combines w/ oxygen (O2) molecule = H2O

A

Covelent bond

40
Q

What is the maximun number of electrons that can be placed on each of the 3 rings of an electron shell (space encircling neucleus)?

A

Max: 18

First shell: 2 electrons
Second shell: 8 electrons
Third shell: 8 electrons

41
Q

Elements present & number of each atom present in the molecule

Examples:
* Hydrogen molecule = H2
* Water molecule = H2O

A

Molecular formulas

42
Q

What is the Molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

43
Q

What is the difference between a molecule & a compound?

A

Molecule: Particle formed when 2 or more atoms are chemically combined

Compound: Particle formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements are chemically combined

44
Q

Atoms share electrons equally

Exist between atoms of the same element

Attraction to electrons is based on the size of the nucleus (electronegativity)
* The bigger the nucleus, the more electronegative an atom is
* Atoms of same size have same size nucleus & need equal “pull” of electrons

C & H atoms also form

Examples found in carbon dioxide & most carbon-hydrogen bonds

pg 67

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds

45
Q

Electrons are not shared equally
* More electrons are one end of the molecule making that end slightly negative, while the other end is slightly positive

Usually form where hydrogen atoms bond to & oxygen to nitrogen atoms

Example: Water (H2O)

pg 67-68

A

Polar covalent bonds

46
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important for what 2 structures?

A

Protein

Nucleic acids

47
Q

Form / break bonds between atoms, ions, or molecules

Reactants: Starting materials of reaction
* The atom, ion, or molecule

Products: Substances formed at the end of reactions

pg 68

A

Chemical reaction

48
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions and how are they different?

pg 68-69

A

Synthesis reaction:
* 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules formed to make a more complex structure
* Particularly important in growth of body parts & repair worn/damaged tissue
* Symbolized : A+B = AB

Decomposition reaction:
* Chemical bonds broken to form simpler atoms, ions, or molecules
* Digests nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream of the small intestines
* Symbolized : AB = A+B

49
Q

what are the 3 types of electolytes & their characteristics?

A

Acid: Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
* Carbonic acid
* Hydrochloric acid
* Acetic acid
* Phosphoric acid

Base: Substance that releases ions that can combine w/ hydrogen ions
* Sodium hydroxied
* Potassium hydroxide
* Magnesium hydroxide
* Sodium bicarb (HCO3)

Salt: Substance formed by the reaction between an acid & a base
* Sodium chloride
* Aluminum chloride
* Magnesium sulfate

50
Q

A system that tracts the number of decimal places in a hydrogen ion concentration
* Extends from 0-14

As hydrogen ions increase, the pH decreases

Blood is normally slightly more alkaline

Illness can result when pH chnges

Normal: 7.35-7.45

Acidic/ Acidosis: < 7.35
* Makes one feel disoriented & fatigued
* Breathing may become difficult
* Can result from diarrhea, severe vomiting, diabetes, lung & kidney disease

Alkalemia/ Alkalosis: > 7.45
* Makes one feel agitated & dizzy
* Caused by breathing rapidly at high altitudes, too many antiacids, high fever, anxiety, mild-mod vomiting

pg 70-71

A

pH scale

51
Q

Chemical systems that resist pH change

Has the ability to maintain pH by combining w/ hydrogen ions when they are in excess or donating hydrogen

Common systemin blood: Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

pg 71

A

Buffer

52
Q

How does the hydrogen ion concentrate compare between a solution as pH 6.4 & a solution of pH 8.4?

A

The solution 6.4 has 100x the hydrogen ion concetration of a solution at pH 8.4

53
Q

What are 2 general types of chemicals, including those that take part in metabolism (cell energy reaction)?

pg 71

A

Organic

Inorganic

54
Q

Compounds that have carbon & hydrogen

Have long chain/ring structures that can form because of carbon atoms ability to form 4 covalent bonds

Many organic compouds dissolve in water (polar)
* Most that dissolve in water do not release ions (AKA nonelectrolytes)

Most dissolve in organic liquids (ether/alcohol) (Nonpolar)

pg 71

A

Organic compounds

55
Q

What are examples of organic compounds?

pg 84

A

Carbs
* Provide main energy supply built of simple sugars

Proteins
* Serve as structural materials, energy source, hormones, cell surface receptors, antibodies, & enzymes that speed chemical reactions w/o being consume

Lipids
* Triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, & steroids

Nucleic acids
* The instructions that control activities, & direct protein synthesis

56
Q

Provide main energy supply built of simple sugars
* Diet 60% carbs, 30% fat,10% protein
* Water soluable

Contain hydrogen (H), carbon (C), & oxygen (O)
* Ratio H to O is 2:1 (C6H12O6 = glucose)
*
Size classification:
* Monosaccharides: Single sugars - Glucose, Fructose
* Disaccharides: Double sugars - Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)
* Polysaccharides: Complex sugars (3+) - Starch, glycogen, cellulose (humans cannot digest - considered dietary fiber)
* Abundant in plants

A

Carbs
(Organic compound)

57
Q

Serve as structural materials, energy source, hormones, cell surface receptors/ wound healing, antibodies, & enzymes that speed chemical reactions w/o being consume
* Use as last resort

Building blocks = Amino acids
* Held together w/ peptide bonds

3D structure (conformations), primary source is amino acid sequence
* Can be Denaturea (changes in 3D shape by breaking bonds - caused by heat/ extreme pH)

A

Proteins
(Organic compound)

58
Q

Important component of cell membranes w/ several functions
* Supply energy used to build cell parts
* Triglycerides (fats - most abundant), phospholipids, & steroids
* Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents

Building blocks of triglycerides: 1 Glycerol, & 3 fatty acids
* Used for cellular energy (more engery per g than carbs)
* Contains C, H, & O bu has less O than carbs

Building blocks of phospholipids: 1 Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, Phosphate group
* Similar to triglycerides

Steroids include 4 rings of carbon atoms & are synthesized in body from cholesterol
* Component of cell membrane
* Used to synthosize the adrenal & sex hormone

A

Lipids
(Organic compound)

59
Q

Carry genetic code (DNA) & direct protein synthesis (RNA)

Encode amino acid sequence of protein

Building blocks: Nucleotides
* Consists of sugars (S), phosphate group (P), & organic bse (B)

2 types:
* DNA: Store information used to construct proteins
* RNA: Help body synthesize proteins

A

Nucleic acids
(Organic compound)

60
Q

What is the difference between Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

pg 84

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):
* Store genetic code -replicated w/ an exact copy of original cells DNA
* Contains sugar deoxyribose
* Composed of nucleotides
* Double helix - (ATCGAT)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
* Interacts w/ DNA to conduct protein synthesis
* Contains sugar ribose
* Composed of nucleotides
* Single stranded - (AUCGAU)

61
Q

Do not contain hydrogen (H) & carbon (C)

Usually dissolve in water & dissociate forming ions (Electrolytes)

Common compound substances sfound in the cell are water (H2O), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxied (CO2), & inorganic salts (HCO3-, CL-, K+, ect)

A

Inorganic compound

62
Q

Most abundant compound in living material

Medium for metabolic reactions

Important role for transportation
* Important soluvent (dissolves things)
* Polar water molecules seperate in soluvent

Can absorb & transport heat

A

Water
(Inorganic compound)

63
Q

Used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities
* Necessary for survival

Blood carries Bicarb (HCO3-) to resp. organs

A

Oxygen
(Inorganic compound)

64
Q

When is carbon dioxied released?

How is carbon dioxied removed

A

Released during metabolic reactions

Removed through exhalation

65
Q

What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats:
* Have* single carbon-carbon bond*
* Most are solid at room temp
* Most are animal orgin
* Every H has a C
* Can raise LDL
* Ex: Beef, pork, eggs, coconut oil, ect

Unsaturated fats:
* Have 1+ carbon-carbon double bond
* Most are liquid at room temp
* Most are plant orgin
* Not every H has a C
* Examples: Vegetable oils, nuts, fish, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

Term 4 (PN) (13 decks)

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