Anatomy Flashcards
All things are composed of what?
Chemicals consisting atoms
Protons, neutrons, & electrons that make up an atom
Subatomic particles
What are the levels or organization?
1. Atom
* Tiny particles that make up chemicals
* Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C)
2. Molecule
* Particles consisting of atoms joined together
* Water, Glucose
3. Macromolecule
* Large particles consisting of molecules
* DNA, protein
4. Organelle
* Functional part of cell
* Mitochondrion, lysosome
5. Cell
* Basic unit of structure & functions
* Muscle cell, blood cell
6. Tissue
* Layer/mass of cells w/ specific functions
* Adipose tissue
7. Organ
* Group of different tissues w/ a function
* Heart, kidney
8. Organ system
* Group of organs w/ a common function
* Digestive system, resp. system
9. Organism
* Composed of organ systems interacting
* Human
Bodys maintenance of stable internal enviornment
* Requires most of our metabolic energy
Receptors: Provides information
Control center: Tells what particular value should be
Effectors: Cause responses to change to internal enviornment
Homeostasis
Most common homeostatic mech
Effectors return conditions toward normal range
* Maintains balance
* Prevent severe changes in the body
* Long lived
Ex:
* BP
* T
* Glucose (Insulin)
Negative feedback loop
Change/deviatuion is intensified, instead of reversed
* Uncommon homeostatic mech in body
* Increases until normal
* Short lived
Ex:
* Blood clots
* Breastfeeding
* Labor
Positive feedback loop
Includes head, neck, & trunk
* Cranial cavity: Houses brain
* Vertebral cavity: Spinal cavity/cord, backbone/vertebra
* Thoracic cavity: Heart, lungs and pleura
* Abdominopelvic cavity: All of your organs other than your brain, heart, and lungs
Pg 20
Axial portion
What seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
pg 20
Diaphragm
Seperated from abdominopelvic by diaphragm
* Broad thin muscle
Walls are composed of skin, skeletal muscles, & bones
At rest, muscle is curved upwards into thorax (like dome) ; when contracting during inhalation, muscle curves down on abdominal viscera
Includes:
* L pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Mediastinum
* R pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Pericardial cavity: Surrounding heart & covering surface
pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10, 37
Thoracic cavity
Extends forward to the sternum & backward to the vertebral column
Forms boundry between R & L sides of thoracic cavity
* R & L lungs are on either side
Includes:
* Heart
* Esophagus
* Trachea
* Thymus
pg 20
Mediastinum
Includes upper abdominal & lower pelvic portion
Abdominal cavity:
* Viscera found within (stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small/large intestine)
Pelvic cavity:
* Portion enclosed by pelvic bones
* Contains terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, & internal reproductive organs
pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10
Abdominopelvic Cavity
What are 4 other small cavities located w/in the head?
pg 20
Oral cavity: Teeth, tounge
Nasal cavity: Connecting several air-filled sinuses (Fig 7.21 pg 225)
Orbital cavity: Eyes, skeletal muscle, & nerves
Middle ear cavities: Middle ear bone
Line the walls of thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities & folds back to cover organs w/in cavities
* Secrete slippery serous fluid
parieal layer:
* Outer layer
* Lines wall of the thoracic & abdominopevlic cavity
Visceral layer:
* Inner layer
* Covers organs
Examples:
* Visceral & parieal Pleura: Around lungs in thorax
* Visceral & parieal pericardium: Around heart in thorax
* Visceral & parieal Peritoneum: Around abd.pelvi organs
pg 20 & notes
Serous membranes
Distinguish the difference between parietal & visceral peritoneum.
pg 20
Parietal peritoneum: Lines the wall of the abdoninopelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum: Covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Major organs include:
* Skin
* Hair
* Nails
* Sweat glands
* Sebaceous glands
Major function:
* Protects tissues
* Regulates body temp
* Suppory sensory receptors
pg 26 Table 1.3
Integumentary system
Major organs include:
* Bones
* Ligaments
* Cartilages
Major function:
* Provide frame work
* Protect soft tissue
* Provide attachements for muscles
* Produce blood cells
* Store Inorganic salts
pg 26 Table 1.3
Skeletal System
Major organs include:
* Muscles
Major function:
* Causes movement
* Maintains posture
* Produce body heat
pg 26 Table 1.3
Muscular system
Major organs include:
* Brain
* Spinal cord
* Nerves
* Sense organs
Major function:
* Detects changes
* Receives & interperates info
* Stimulates muscles & glands
pg 26 Table 1.3
Nervous system
Major organs include: (Glands that secrete hormones)
* Pituitary gland
* Thyroid gland
* Parathyroid gland
* Adrenal gland
* Pineal gland
* Pancreas
* Ovaries/testes
* Thymus
Major function:
* Control metabolic activities of bodies structure
pg 26 Table 1.3
Endocrine system
Major organs include:
* Heart
* Arteries
* Capillaries
* Veins
Major function:
* Move blood through blood vessels
* Transport substances throughout body
pg 26 Table 1.3
Cardiovascular system
Major organs include:
* Lymphiatic vessels
* Lymph nodes
* Thymus
* Spleen
Major function:
* Returne tissue fluid from blood
* Carry certain absorbed food molecules
* Defend body against infection
pg 26 Table 1.3
Lymphatic system
Major organs include:
* Mouth, tounge, teeth
* Salivary glands
* Pharynx
* Esophagus
* Stomach
* Liver
* Gallbladder
* Pancreas
* Small/Large intestine
Major function:
* Recieve/breakdown/absorb food
* Eliminate unabsorbed material
pg 26 Table 1.3
Digestive system
Major organs include:
* Nasal cavity
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Lungs
Major function:
* I/O of air
* Gas exchange between air & blood
pg 26 Table 1.3
Resp. system
Major organs include:
* Kidneys
* Ureters
* Bladder
* Urethra
Major function:
* Remove waste from blood
* Maintain water & electrolyte balance
* Store/eliminate urine
pg 26 Table 1.3
Urinary system
Major organs include:
* Male: Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbouretgral glands, urethra, penis
* Female: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Major function:
* Males: Produce/maintain/transfer sperm
* Female: Produce/maintain oocytes (female sex cells), receive sperm, support development of embryo, birth process
pg 26 Table 1.3
Reproductive system
What are the definitions of the following positions?
Superior
Inferior
Anterior/Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal
Medial
Lateral
Bilateral
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Proxial
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Superior: Above
Inferior: Below
Anterior/Ventral: Toward front
Posterior/Dorsal: Toward back
Medial: Toward midline
Lateral: Away from midline
Bilateral: Paired structures on both sides
Ipsilateral: Same side
Contralateral: Opposite sides
Proxial: Close to trunk
Distal: Away from trunk
Superficial: Close to body surface
Deep: More internal