Anatomy Flashcards
What are the types of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular
What are the functions of bones?
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Blood formation - by red bone marrow
- Electrolyte balance - Ca2+, (PO4)3-
- Acid base balance
- Storage of energy
What are the components of bone?
- Bone tissue
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
- Articular cartilage
- Blood vessels, nerves
What is the function of red bone marrow
Haematopoiesis
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
Mainly fat tissue, differentiates to red bone marrow in stress
Where can red bone marrow be found?
Flat bones, irregular bones, ends of adult femur & humerus
What are osteons?
Structural unit of compact bone
What are the parts of an osteon?
Osteocytes, lacunae & canaliculi.
– Central (Haversian) & perforating (Volkmann) canals.
Where is spongy bone found?
Found in interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis & ends of long bones.
How is cartilage formed?
Chondrocytes (cartilage cells, in lacunae) arise from the perichondrium, & secrete cartilage matrix.
What are the components in cartillage?
– Collagen/elastic fibers
– Ground substance: H2O, glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, etc) & proteoglycans.
* Almost always covered by perichondrium.
* No blood vessels or nerve except in perichondrium.
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
What are the types of muscle tissue?
– Skeletal muscle tissue: Striated & voluntary.
– Cardiac muscle tissue: Striated & involuntary
– Smooth muscle tissue: Non-striated & involuntary
How does a muscle contract?
Sliding band theory
- In sarcomere, thin myofilaments are attached to Z line, thick myofilaments are attached to M line
- When contracted, thick myofilaments pull on the thin myofilaments, resulting in the Z lines being pulled closer together towards the M line
What are thin myofilaments made of?
actin, tropomyosin, troponin
What are thick myofilaments made of?
myosin
What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?
Produce movements: skeletal muscles act on joints & bones
– obvious movements such as walking, pinching, respiration.
– subtle movements such as facial expression.
Maintain posture, position & stability
– Sitting, standing steady
Support & protect
– Abdominal wall - protecting internal organs
– Pelvic diaphragm - supporting pelvic organs (from prolapse)
Guard entrances / exits
– Sphincters - enable voluntary control of swallowing, micturition
(urination), defecation & parturition
Maintain body temperature
– Chemical energy converted to heat during muscle contraction and shivering
What are the kinds of joints?
Fibrous: e.g., suture between skull
bones
Cartilaginous: e.g., symphysis pubis
Synovial: with a synovial cavity. e.g.,
shoulder & knee joints
What are the types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Planar
