Anatomy

Question 1

What are the types of bones?

Answer 1

Long, short, flat, irregular

Question 2

What are the functions of bones?

Answer 2

• Support
• Movement
• Protection
• Blood formation - by red bone marrow
• Electrolyte balance - Ca2+, (PO4)3-
• Acid base balance
• Storage of energy

Question 3

What are the components of bone?

Answer 3

• Bone tissue
• Periosteum
• Endosteum
• Articular cartilage
• Blood vessels, nerves

Question 4

What is the function of red bone marrow

Answer 4

Haematopoiesis

Question 5

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Answer 5

Mainly fat tissue, differentiates to red bone marrow in stress

Question 6

Where can red bone marrow be found?

Answer 6

Flat bones, irregular bones, ends of adult femur & humerus

Question 7

What are osteons?

Answer 7

Structural unit of compact bone

Question 8

What are the parts of an osteon?

Answer 8

Osteocytes, lacunae & canaliculi.
– Central (Haversian) & perforating (Volkmann) canals.

Question 9

Where is spongy bone found?

Answer 9

Found in interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis & ends of long bones.

Question 10

How is cartilage formed?

Answer 10

Chondrocytes (cartilage cells, in lacunae) arise from the perichondrium, & secrete cartilage matrix.

Question 11

What are the components in cartillage?

Answer 11

– Collagen/elastic fibers
– Ground substance: H2O, glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, etc) & proteoglycans.
* Almost always covered by perichondrium.
* No blood vessels or nerve except in perichondrium.

Question 12

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 12

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

Question 13

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Answer 13

– Skeletal muscle tissue: Striated & voluntary.
– Cardiac muscle tissue: Striated & involuntary
– Smooth muscle tissue: Non-striated & involuntary

Question 14

How does a muscle contract?

Answer 14

Sliding band theory
- In sarcomere, thin myofilaments are attached to Z line, thick myofilaments are attached to M line
- When contracted, thick myofilaments pull on the thin myofilaments, resulting in the Z lines being pulled closer together towards the M line

Question 15

What are thin myofilaments made of?

Answer 15

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

Question 16

What are thick myofilaments made of?

Answer 16

myosin

Question 17

What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?

Answer 17

Produce movements: skeletal muscles act on joints & bones
– obvious movements such as walking, pinching, respiration.
– subtle movements such as facial expression.

Maintain posture, position & stability
– Sitting, standing steady

Support & protect
– Abdominal wall - protecting internal organs
– Pelvic diaphragm - supporting pelvic organs (from prolapse)

Guard entrances / exits
– Sphincters - enable voluntary control of swallowing, micturition
(urination), defecation & parturition

Maintain body temperature
– Chemical energy converted to heat during muscle contraction and shivering

Question 18

What are the kinds of joints?

Answer 18

Fibrous: e.g., suture between skull
bones

Cartilaginous: e.g., symphysis pubis

Synovial: with a synovial cavity. e.g.,
shoulder & knee joints

Question 19

What are the types of synovial joints?

Answer 19

Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Planar