Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the human body and substances the body is made of.
Physiology
The study of the function and activities of the human body (physical and chemical)
Histology
The study of the structure and composition of tissue (microscopic anatomy)
Cells
Basic unit of all living things
Protoplasm
Colorless, jelly like substance that supplies nutrients to the cell
Organelles
Small organs
Nucleus
Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Aids and reproduction and metabolism.
Nucleoplasm
Fluid that contains proteins
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What determines our genetic makeup
Mitochondria
Yeah, powerhouse of the cell. Takes a nutrients, breaks it down, makes energy from it.
ATP
Chemical energy used within the cell for metabolism
Neurons
Cells that transmit nerve impulses
Cell membrane
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm 
Soluble
Things that can enter and leave the cell
Mitosis
Cell production in human tissue when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells 
Metabolism
The chemical process that takes place in living organisms 
Tissue
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function 
Connective tissue
Supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body 
Epithelial tissue
Protective lining on cavities of the body and surfaces of organs 
Muscle tissue
Contracts and moves the various parts of the body 
Nervous tissue
Carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions 
Organs
A collection of tissue that performs specific functions
Body system
Groups of organs acting together for one or more functions
How many bones does the human body have?
206 bones
Joint
The connection between two or more bones of the skeleton 
What are the primary functions of the skeleton?
Give structure and support to the body
Protect various internal structures and organs
Serves as attachments for muscles, acts as levers to produce body movement
Help produce white and red blood cells
Store most of the bodies, calcium supply, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium 
How many bones does the human head contain?
22 bones
Cranium
Oval case that protects the brain and is formed by eight bones 
How many bones are in the face?
14 bones
Occipital bone
Forms the back of the skull above the nape 
Parietal bone
Form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium 
Frontal bone
Forms the forehead
Temporal bones
Form the sides of the head and the ear region
Ethmoid bone
The light spongy bone between the eye sockets, that forms part of the nasal cavity 
Sphenoid bones
Form for side of the eye socket
Nasal bone
Form the bridge of the nose
Lacrimal bone
The smallest most fragile bone in the face, situated at the front inside part of the eye socket 
Zygomatic bone (AKA malar bones or cheekbones)
Form the prominence of the cheeks 
Maxillae bones
Form the upper jaw 
Mandible
Forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face 
Hyoid bone
The U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and muscles? 
Cervical vertebrae
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region 
Thorax
The chest or pulmonary trunk, consisting of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. 
Ribs
12 pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax 
Scapula
The large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder 
Sternum
The flat bone, that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs 
Clavicle
The bone that joins the sternum and the scapula 
Humorous
The uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder 
Ulna
The inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.
Radius
The smaller bone in the form on the same side as the thumb 
Carpus
A flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
Metacarpus
Consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones
Phalanges
The bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.
Muscular system
covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue. Also contracts and moves various parts of the body. example: muscles
Nervous system
Carries messages through the central nervous system and controls all bodily functions.
Example: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
circulatory system
Controls delivery of blood through body. The health of the circulatory system affects skin tissue health.
Example: Heart with blood vessels
immune system
Protects body from disease by developing resistances and destroying toxins and bacteria.
Example: Spleen, lymph
Integumentary system
Largest organ of the body. Helps regulate temperature, perceive sensation, produces vitamin D, and can absorb.
Example: Skin, oil and sweat glands, hair, nails, sensory receptors
Skeletal system
The physical foundation of the body. Also protects your bodies mechanics.
Example: Bones, immovable and movable joints
endocrine system
Affects growth, development, Sexual activities, and normal regulatory processes. Also consist of specialized glands. Hormones are excreted when by the Endocrine system, and When they are imbalanced, they can cause acne, breakouts, hair, growth, and oily or dry skin.
Example: The adrenal and pituitary glands, pancreas
reproductive system
Functions by producing children and passing on genetics from one generation to the next, also differs between sexes. The system influence, pregnancy, puberty, perimenopause, and menopause affect the Skin.
Example: Uterus and ovaries, penis and testes
respiratory system
Enables breathing, supplies, oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as waste. Adequate oxygenation of tissue equals optimum cell function.
Example: Lungs, trachea, Bronchi
digestive system
Breaks food down into smaller and smaller pieces to absorb nutrients or for excretion. Good nutrition equals optimum functioning of all body systems.
Example: Esophagus, gallbladder, liver, small and large intestines
nervous system
Well organized system that coordinates all activities performed by the body
Nerves
Fibers every square inch of the body.
Made out of neurons
Neurology
Study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system
Central nervous system
Controls consciousness, involuntary functions of the five senses (Touch, taste, smell, vision, hearing) And voluntary functions (Body movements and facial express)
Example: Brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves
Peripheral nervous system
System of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) Parts to the central nervous system.
Made to carry impulses and messages to and from the Central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Controls the involuntary muscles.
Regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing
The brain
Largest and most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body.
Contained in the cranium and control sensation, muscles, and glandular activity.
sons and receives messages through 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the head, face, and Neck
Brain stem
Connect spinal cord to the brain.
Regulates vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure
spinal cord
Continuation of brain stem.
Originates in the brain and extends down into the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column.
31 pairs of spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord, distributed to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs
what are the two types of nerves?
Sensory and motor nerves
sensory nerves
Carries impulses and messages from the sense organs to brain.
Example: Touch, cold/heat sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure
Motor nerves
Carries impulses from the brain to the muscles and the glands; Produces movement
receptors
sensory nerve endings close to the surface of the skin
reflex
Automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of impulse from sensory receptor along the nerve to the spinal cord in responsive impulse back along the motor neuron to a muscle.
Reflexes are automatic.
Example: Putting your hand on a hot stove and then pulling away quickly once you feel the heat.
nerve I
Olfactory - nose (sensory)
Nerve II
Optic - eye (sensory)
Nerve III, IV, and VI
Oculomotor - Eye muscles (motor)
Nerve VII
Facial - Muscles of the face (motor)
Nerve V
Trigeminal
Sensory - Face, sinuses, teeth
Motor - Muscles of mastication
Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear - Inner ear (sensory)
Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal -
Sensory - posterior (outer) part of tongue, tonsils, pharynx
Motor - Pharyngeal musculature
Nerve X
Vagus -
Sensory - heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract, trachea, larynx, pharynx
Motor - heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract, outer ear
Nerve XI
Accessory - Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles (motor)
Nerve XIII
Hypoglossal - Muscles of the tongue (motor)
what are the Important cranial nerves for an esthetician to know?
Nerves V, VII, and XI
what is the largest of the cranial nerves?
Nerve V or Trigeminal nerve
Three branches of trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic Nerve, Mandibular nerve, And Maxillary nerve
Ophthalmic Nerve
affects skin of forehead, upper eyelids, and interior of scalp, orbit, eyeball, and Nasal passage
Mandibular nerve
Affects muscles of chin and lower lip
Maxillary nerve
affects upper part of the face
Auriculotemporal Nerve
Affects the external ear and skin above the temple up to the top of the skull
infraorbital nerve
The skin of the lower eyelid, side of nose, upper lip, and mouth
Infratrochlear Nerve
Affects the membrane in the skin of the nose
mental nerve
Affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
nasal nerve
Affects the point and lower side of the nose
supraorbital nerve
Affects the skin of the forehead, scalp eyebrow, and upper eyelid
supratrochlear nerve
Affect the skin between the eyes and the upper side of the nose
zygomatic nerve
Affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek
Nerve VII - Facial Nerve
Chief motor nerve of the face.
goes from lower part of ear to the muscles of the neck.
Supplies and controls all the muscles of facial expression and secretions of saliva.
what are the most important branches Of the facial nerve?
The buccal nerve, cervical nerves, posterior auricular Nerve, Temporal nerve, and zygomatic nerve
buccal nerve
Affects the muscles of the mouth
cervical nerves
Affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle
mandibular nerve
Affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip
posterior auricular nerve
Affects the muscles behind the ear, at the base of the skull
temporal nerve
Affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow eyelid, and the upper part of the cheek
Nerve XI - Accessory Nerve
Motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
Cervical Cutaneous Nerve
located at the side of the neck.
Affects the front sides of the neck as far down as the breast bone
Greater Auricular Nerve
located at the side of the neck.
Affects the face ears, neck, and parotid gland
Greater occipital nerve
located in the back of the head.
Affects scalp to top of head.
Smaller Occipital Nerve
located at base of the skull.
Affects the scalp and the muscles.
What are the nerves of the arm?
The digital nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve
Digital
Sensory motor nerve that supplies, the fingers
radial nerve
Sensory motor nerve that supplies, the thumb, side of the arm, and back of the hand
Median nerve
Sensory motor nerve that affects the little finger, side of the arm, and palm of the hand
Ulnar nerve
Is a sensory-motor nerve that withits branches affects the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hard
Circulatory system (Cardiovascular system )
Controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means
Of the heart and blood vessels (Veins and arteries)
Heart
“Body’s pump “ a muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.
Pulmonary circulation
Carries the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Systemic circulation
Known as general circulation, carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again
Blood vessels
Tubelike structure that includes the arteries, arterioles, capillaries , venules and veins.
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
Arterioles
Deliver blood to capillaries
Capillaries
Bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials
Venules
Small vessels that connect capillaries from the veins and collect blood from it and drain it into the veins.
Viens
Thin walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs
Blood
Nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system(heart, veins, arteries and capillaries ) to supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
Red blood cells
Blood cells that carry oxygen from the rings to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
White blood cell
Perform the function of destroying disease-causing germs
Platelets
contribute to the blood-clotting process , which stops bleeding
Plasma
Fluid part of the blood
Common carotid arteries
Are the main source of blood supply to the head, face and neck (located on either side of the neck and each one is divided into and internal and external branch
Why do Estheticians need to understand the vessel location?
To help avoid bruising during treatment or even the possible adverse event a vessel of occlusion during a dermal filler session.
Lymphatic/immune system
Is a vital to the circulatory and immune systems and is made up of the liver, lymph, lymph nodes, thymus, gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the circulatory system
Liver
Is a gland located in the abdominal cavity it secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins and detoxifies the blood. Also regulates sugar levels in the blood, helps with the decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones needed for body functions.
Lymph node
A gland like structure found inside a lymphatic vessels that fights infection and detoxifies the blood
Interstitial fluid,
A solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste;The fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing.
Pituitary gland
Is the most complex organ of the endocrine system. It affects almost every physiologic process of the body such as growth, blood pressure contractions during childbirth breast- milk production, sexual organ functions in both women and men, thyroid gland function, and the conversion of food into energy ( metabolism.)
Pancreas
Responsible for digesting, carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The islet of langerhans cells within the pancreas control, insulin and glucagon production.
Reproductive system
Perform the function of producing children in passing on our genetics from one generation to another .
Melasma
Referred to as pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on cheeks, jawline forehead, upper lip due to hormonal and balances, such as pregnancy, birth control or hormone replacement therapy .
Respiratory system
Enables breathing and consist of the lung and air passages which supplies the body with oxygen and an eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Lungs
Main organs of the respiratory system two of them located on either side of the heart take oxygen from the environment and transferred to the bloodstream. They also exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide during a breathe.
Inhalation
(Or breathing in) oxygen is absorbed into the blood.
Gastrointestinal system
Is responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste also called as the digestive system.
Peristalsis
Moving food around the digestive tract.
Excretory system
Is responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter. The metabolism of body cells creates various toxic substances that if retained could poison the body.
Kidneys
Excrete, urine, eliminating water, and waste products
