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NEET PG > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of body tube

A

Lumen
Mucosa - epithelium, sub epithelial connective tissue (lamina propria),muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa / C.T adventitia

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2
Q

Plexus in gut tube

A

Meissner’s plexus - Submucosa
Auerbach’s plexus/ Myenteric plexus- Muscularis externa

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3
Q

Hirschsprung disease peculiarity

A

Congenital aganglionic megacolon due to absence of NCC in Muscularis externa; Auerbach’s plexus

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4
Q

Glands are present in which layer of gut tube

A

Lamina propria except in esophagus where glands are located in submucosa

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5
Q

Strongest layer of esophagus and small intestine

A

Submucosa

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6
Q

Peritoneal lining is absent in which part of gut tube

A

Esophagus

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7
Q

Peculiarity of stomach wall layers

A

3 layers of muscles- oblique, circular and longitudinal
simple columnar epithelium with gastric glands

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8
Q

Cells of gastric glands

A

Surface mucous cells - mucus
Parietal cells - HCl
Chief cells - Pepsin
Endocrine cells - Gastrin

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9
Q

Small intestine peculiarities

A

Columnar epithelium- villi and microvilli
Plica semilunaris
Microvilli
Peritoneal serosa with mesothelium

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10
Q

Respiratory tubes peculiarities

A

Lining- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (also seen in epididymis with stereocilia)
Hyaline cartilage seen in respiratory tubes to maintain the patency
Smooth muscles

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11
Q

Immotile cilia syndrome

A

Kartagener syndrome

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12
Q

Urinary bladder peculiarities

A

Transitional epithelium
Muscle- Detrusor

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13
Q

Skin epithelium peculiarities

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis - Sweat and Sebaceous glands
Dermis - papillary dermis and reticular layer

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14
Q

Epithelium of thyroid follicles

A

normal follicle - simple cuboidal
Active - simple columnar d/t increased ER
Inactive - simple squamous

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15
Q

Glands and Ducts lined by

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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16
Q

Respiratory tubes

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium with Goblet cells

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17
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium

A

Mainly found in external openings and site prone for injury like vocal cords

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18
Q

Vagina Linings

A

Upper Mesoderm
Lower Endoderm
All lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

Oral cavity linings

A

Tongue and hard palate - keratinized - orthokeratinization and parakeratinization- supercficial layer nucleus seen
tongue, epiglottis and soft palate - Non keratinized

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20
Q

Urethra of male lined by

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium and tip by stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

Anal canal peculiarity

A

Strat. squamous epithelium below dentate line

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22
Q

Barret’s esophagus

A

Intestinal metaplasia in lower esophagus
As a result of GERD
>5 cm of squamocolumnar junction metaplasia

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23
Q

Types of gland

A

Merocrine - pancreas
Apocrine - mammary gland (secretory vesicles)
Holocrine - Sebaceous gland (whole cell destroyed)

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24
Q

Sweat gland is type of

A

Eccrine (merocrine)
Apocrine (Rare) - axilla, perigenital area, seruminous gland

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25
Q

Salivary gland types

A

Serous - Parotid
mucinous- Sublingual
Mixed - Submandibular

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26
Q

Serous demilunes are found in

A

Both submandibular(large in number) and sublingual(chiefly mucinous.

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27
Q

Serous acinus

A

Cuboidal cells
Darkly stained
Central spherical nucleus

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28
Q

Mucous acinus

A

Columnar cells with oval basal nucleus
Lightly stained

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29
Q

Serous demilune peculiarity

A

Mucinous acinus with serous cap

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30
Q

Connective tissue fibres types

A

Collagen fibres
Elastic Fibres
Reticular fibres

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31
Q

Elastic fibres (3S B)

A

Short
Straight
Single
Branching
Provides elasticity

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32
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Long
Wavy
Bundle of fibres
Non branching
Provides strength

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33
Q

Reticular fIbres

A

Type iii collagen fibres
Network of fibres
Give framework

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34
Q

Loose areolar connective tissue

A

Cells - Fibrocytes, Macrophage, Mast cells
Fibres - collagen fibres and elastic fibres
Ex- Lamina propria

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35
Q

Reticular connective tissue sites

A

Spleen
Liver
Lymph node

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36
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendon
Ligament
Aponeurosis

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37
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Seen in coverings like Periosteum, perichondrium , deep reticular dermis, nerve and muscle sheaths

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38
Q

Type I collagen fibres

A

M/C
Bone
Tendon
Ligaments
Fibrocartilage
Old scar tissue
Dermis

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39
Q

Type II collagen fibres

A

Cartilages - hyaline and elastic

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40
Q

Type III collagen fibres

A

Reticular Fibres - liver, LN, Spleen except Thymus
Granulation tissue

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41
Q

Type IV collagen fibres

A

Basement membrane

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42
Q

Types of cartilages

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage - Atypical

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43
Q

Features of typical cartilage

A

Type II collagen fibres
No NVB
Exchange through diffusion

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44
Q

Features of atypical cartilage

A

Type I Collagen fibres
NVB present

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45
Q

Hyaline cartilage peculiarity

A

Islands of chondrocytes in lacunae and matrix
Perichondrium absent in articular cartilage
Site - Fetal cartilage, articular cartilage, Growth plates, costal cartilages, Respiratory tubes except larynx

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46
Q

Elastic cartilage Peculiarity

A

Rarest
3E - external ear pinna, eustachian tube , epiglottis
3T 2C -tip of arytnoid, corniculate and cuneiform
tip of nose, Tritaite cartilage
Elastic fibres in matrix
Type ii collagen fibres can be seen
Single chondrocyte in lacuna

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47
Q

Fibrocartilage peculiarity

A

Type I collagen fibres- extremely dense
Perichondrium absent
chondrocytes in row far apart in between fibres - shock absorber
intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, menisci, articular disc in TMJ and SCJ

48
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

With stem cells forms lymphocytes
Ex - Red bone marrow(B lymphocytes), Thymus (T lymphocytes)

49
Q

Di George Syndrome

A

Absence of thymus, so no T lymphocytes. Babies dies d/t severe infections.

50
Q

Secondary lymphoid organ

A

MALT - Tonsils, Aggregated lymphoid nodules and appendix
Capsulated - Lymph nodes, spleen

51
Q

Skin epidermis layers

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum (thick skin)
  3. Stratum granulosum - Kerato hyaline granules- helps in formation of keratin for top layers.
  4. Stratum spinosum (Prickle cell layer)
  5. Stratum basale (Stratum germinatum)
52
Q

Langerhans cells found in

A

Stratum spinosum. APC

53
Q

Melanocytes found in

A

From NCC. In stratum basale layer. Other receptor is Merkel cell- light touch.

54
Q

Why spinous cells in Stratum spinosum? Disorder related to this layer

A

Due to desmosomal attachment at end, while preparation of skin specimen it is disrupted resulting in spinous cells.
Similar condition in Pemphigous vulgaris

55
Q

3 cells in Stratum basale

A

Stem cells
Melanocytes
Merkel cells

56
Q

Cell in Stratum spinosum

A

Dendritic cell - APC

57
Q

Skin receptors

A
  1. Free nerve endings- St spinosum for nociception, Type C fibres.
  2. Merkel cells - St. basale for light touch (slow adapting)
  3. Meissner corpuscle - Dermo epidermal junction for 2 point discrimination. (rapid adapting)
  4. Paccinian corpuscle - Deep reticular dermis for pressure and rapid vibration. (rapid adaption)
  5. Ruffini’s receptor- Deep reticular dermis for dermal stretch (slow adapting)
58
Q

Receptors for braille reading

A

Precise - Merkel
Rapid - Meissner’s corpuscle

59
Q

Types of cell junctions

A
  1. Zona occludens (tight junction)- very narrow gap
  2. Zona adherens - 20nm
  3. Macula Adherens - desmosomes- +5nm - 25nm - spot welding - CAM is Adherins
  4. Gap junctions - can act as electrical synapses - tunnel for exchange of ions - functional syncitium
  5. Hemidesmosomes -attach cell to basement membrane - CAM is integrin
60
Q

Hemidesmosomes and desmosomes autoimmune disorder in

A

Hemidesmosomes change in bullous pemphigoid - subepithelial lesion
Desmosomes change in Pemphigus vulgaris - intraepithelial lesion- Nikolsky’s sign +ve - Tomb stone appearance - fish net appearance in immunofluorescence

61
Q

Gap junctions peculiarity

A

Tunnel called cannexons with 6 components

62
Q

Skeletal muscle peculiarities

A

cells are long, striated, cylindrical, multinucleated. anatomical syncitium .

63
Q

Cardiac muscle peculiarity

A

Cells are short, branched, striated with single nuclei connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions). Perinuclear halo +(no myofibrils).

64
Q

Smooth muscle peculiarity

A

Short, spindle shaped, non striated with central nucleus.

65
Q

Partitions of respiratory tube and gut tube

A

upper - palate
lower - epiglottis

66
Q

Lining epithelium of adenoids

A

Respiratory epithelium

67
Q

Respiratory epithelium is absent in

A

nasal vestibule
vocal cords
lingual surface of epiglottis
All are lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Roof of nasal cavity - Olfactory epithelium - with bipolar neurons
Palate - s parakeratinized and non keratinized.

68
Q

Features of epiglottis

A

Double epithelization
Elastic cartilage

69
Q

Type of cartilage in larynx

A

Hyaline cartilage

70
Q

Cartilage of respiratory tube

A

Hyaline cartilage which disappear from terminal bronchioles (lumen size 1mm)

71
Q

Lumen sizes and peculiarity of respiratory tube

A

Trachea 2.5mm
Terminal bronchiole 0.5 to 1 mm - both goblet cells and hyaline cartilage disappear
Cilia disappears after respiratory bronchiole level

72
Q

Alveolus lined by

A

simple squamous epithelium

73
Q

Respiratory bronchiole lined by

A

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells and hyaline cartilage

74
Q

Bronchiole division

A

Conducting pathway
-large
-small
-terminal bronchiole
Respiratory pathway
-respiratory bronchiole

75
Q

Clara cells

A

At the terminal divisions of respiratory tube, goblet cells will be replaced by Clara cells(club cell) - for surfactant production, stem cells and detoxifying cell.

76
Q

Respiratory zone peculiarities

A

Lining epithelium changed to cuboidal and squamous epithelium. Cartilage replaced by smooth muscles. Clara cells present.

77
Q

Cells in respiratory tube

A

Brush cells - receptor
Kulchitsky cells - Neuroendocrine cells - serotonin
Clara cells

78
Q

What is lung histiocytosis?

A

Large number of Langerhans cells in lungs.

79
Q

Lung alveoli peculiarities

A

Type I pneumocyte - simple squamous epithelium - fully lines alveolus
Type II pneumocyte - Surface active agent - simple cuboidal epithelium.
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Alveolar pores of Kohn

80
Q

Stomach parts

A

Cardia
Fundic - Fundus , body
Pylorus

80
Q

Type of muscle in esophagus

A

Upper 1/3rd - Skeletal muscles
Middle 1/3rd - Skeletal + smooth muscles
Lower 1/3rd - Smooth muscles

81
Q

Glands in stomach

A

Cardia and pylorus - Mucus secreating cells
Fundic region - fundus - Parietal cells (HCl, Intrinsic factor), Chief cells (pepsinogen)

82
Q

Pernicious anemia peculiarity

A

Due to deficiency of Intrinsic factor for B12 absorption. Reduced HCl, megaloblastic anemia. Parietal cells compromised.

83
Q

Stomach histology peculiarity

A

Gastric pit opening to gastric glands and isthumus/neck in between

84
Q

Cells in stomach

A

Lumen - surface mucous cells - alkaline fluid
Stem cell - isthumus of stomach
Mucous neck cells - acidic fluid
Parietal cells - pink - cuboidal - secreates HCl and IF - fried egg appearance
Chief cells/Zymogen cells/Peptic cell - Blue and towards base - pepsin, lipase - columnar
Endocrine cells - G cells - Gastrin

85
Q

Maximum absorption of small intestine

A

Jejunum

86
Q

Peculiarities of different parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum - submucosal glands - Brunner’s gland - Urogastrone hormone - prevent ulcer and heal ulcer
Jejunum - maximum villi(finger like), microvilli and plica circularis - for absorption of food
Ileum - decreased or absent villi - Peyer’s patches -for absorption of water and electrolytes - villi leaf like

87
Q

Cells of intestinal gland (Crypts of Leiberkuhn)

A
  1. Enterocyte - columnar cells for absorption
  2. Mucus secreating cells - goblet cells
  3. Paneth cells - maintain intestinal flora - kills excessive pathogens - bacteria and protozoa - apical eosinophilia due to lysozymes
  4. Microfold cell - APC
  5. Neuroendocrine cells -secretin , CCK - short cells
  6. Stem cell - Repair
88
Q

Urogastrone function

A

Prevents Ulcer inhibits Parietal cells and reduce acid secretion
Heals ulcer by HEGF (Human Epidermal Growth Factor)

89
Q

Large intestine features

A

Taenia coli - Thickening of outer longitudinal muscle - 3 bands
Maximum goblet cells
Colonocyte - absorb water and electrolytes

90
Q

Anal canal features

A

Colorectal zone - simple columnar epithelium
Transitional zone - transitional epithelium from columnar to cuboidal epithelium
Dentate line
Squamous zone - stratified squamous epithelium
White line of Hilton - mucocutaneous junction
Perianal skin - true skin with sweat and sebaceous glands
*Anal canal does not have muscularis mucosa
Inner circular layer of rectum modifies to internal anal sphincter

91
Q

Hepatic circulation

A

Hepatic artery - Liver sinusoids - central veins - hepatic veins - IVC - Heart
portal vein - liver sinusoids - central veins - hepatic veins - IVC - Heart

92
Q

Portal triad

A

DAV
bile Duct
hepatic Artery
portal Vein

93
Q

Hepatic sinusoid features

A

Fenestrated endothelial lining - blood moves out to space
Perisinusoidal space of Disse - contains lymph - microvilli of hepatocytes- also contain hepatic stellate cells of ITO - storage of fat and vitamin A
Kupffer cells - inside sinusoid - macrophage

94
Q

Contents of perisinusoidal space of Disse

A

Villi of hepatocytes
Hepatic stellate cell of ITO
Pseudopodia of Kupffer cells
Lymph

95
Q

Classic lobule

A

Sinusoid drain to central vein

96
Q

Portal lobule

A

Bile drains to bile duct. Portal area is center

97
Q

Portal acinus

A

Tissue supplied by terminal branches of hepatic artery and portal vein. Cells nearest these vessels were first to receive oxygen and nutrients - zone 1
Long axis - central vein
Short axis - portal triad

98
Q

Renal medulla made of

A

Loop of Henle

99
Q

Simple squamous epithelium lines which part of nephron

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Loop of Henle

100
Q

PCT and DCT lined by

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Brush border microvilli seen in PCT(thick descending limb)

101
Q

DCT function

A

Aldosterone based Na absorption

102
Q

Loop of Henle function

A

Descending loop permeable to water and ascending limb permeable to NaCl
; More hypertonic urine in deeper medulla

103
Q

Collecting ducts lined by

A

Simple columnar epithelium with principal cells and intercalated cells(microvilli)

104
Q

Transitional epithelium lines

A

Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Proximal half of prostatic urethra except in females

105
Q

Urethra parts

A

Prostatic urethra - passing through prostate (1/2 lined by transitional epithelium)
Membranous urethra - passes deep perineal pouch
Spongy Urethra - i) Bulbous spongy urethra ii) Penile spongy urethra
* All lined by stratified columnar epithelium
* Tip lined by non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

106
Q

Grey matter and white matter

A

neuron body - grey matter
axons - white matter

107
Q

white matter of CNS

A

Tract
Fascicles
Lemniscus
Capsule

108
Q

White matter of PNS

A

Nerve

109
Q

Grey Matter of CNS

A

Cortex
Nuclei

110
Q

Grey matter of PNS

A

Ganglion

111
Q

Axon sheath formed by

A

Oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cell in PNS

112
Q

Why optic nerve a misnomer?

A

It is tract from CNS, hence not a peripheral nerve. It is affected in Multiple Sclerosis - d/s affecting myelination of CNS ; oligodendrocytes.

113
Q

Ectodermal placodes

A

These are neurectoderm cells migrating to surface ectoderm. They form Ganglia like trigeminal and vestibulocochlear ganglia

114
Q

Anterior and posterior neuropore close on

A

Day 25 and day 28

115
Q
A
116
Q
A

NEET PG (1 decks)

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