Anatomy Flashcards
why does the calcaneus stick out?
increase the length of the foot which allows us to take bigger strides
what are the 7 tarsals of the foot?
proximal
-calcaneus (heel bone)
-talus
intermediate
-navicular
distal
-cuboid
-3x cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate, medial)
how many metatarsals do we have?
5
how many phalanges do we have?
14
what is the true ankle joint?
talocrucal joint
-fibula, tibia and talus
-dorsi & plantarflexion
what is the subtler joint?
talocalcaneal joint
-talus, calcaneus
-eversion and inversion
what are the main ligaments of the foot?
medial (deltoid) ligament
4 named parts
lateral ligament (separate)
3 named parts
what is an ankle sprain?
when a ligament is sprained to an extreme extent
what is a muscle strain?
affects muscle or where muscle attaches to tendon
what is the retinacula?
stop the stringing of tendons
what are the 3 muscular compartments?
3 groups of retinacula
flexor
extensor - sup and inf
fibular - sup and inf
what is in the posterior part of the leg?
superficial ankle flexors
how many muscles are in the superficial posterior flexor compartment of the leg?
3, 2 powerful flexors
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
all insert in the calcaneus tuberosity
all have flexion at the true ankle joint
inversion at the subtalar joint
gastrocnemius muscle?
origin: femur epicondyles
most superficial
flexor at the ankle and knee
medial and lateral heads
soleus muscle?
origin - fibular head- tendinous arch - solar line (plantaris)
big muscle
attaches along solear line
does not cross knee and ankle
plantaris muscle?
small
small muscle belly and long tendon
sometimes harvested for tendon grafting
crosses both knee and ankle joint
what are the deep ankle flexors?
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
flexion at the true ankle joint
inversion at the subtalar joint
tibialis posterior muscle?
lateral
attaches to posterior of tibia
travels medially
attaches to medial tarsus
what is the tarsal tunnel?
Tom dick and very naughty harry
(anterior to posterior)
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
tibial nerve
flexor ha;;ucis longus
what causes tarsal tunnel syndrome?
compression of the tibial nerve
what are the medial anterior ankle extensor muscles of the leg?
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
tibialis anterior muscle?
attaches onto medial metatarsal superiorly
inversion at the subtalar joint
extensor hallicus longus?
inversion at the subtalar joint
extensor digitorum longus muscle?
goes to lateral digits
greater line of pull for eversion
what are the lateral (fibular) group of muscle?
fibulas longus
fibulas brevis
eversion at the subtalar joint
plantar flexion at the true ankle joint
fibulas longus muscle?
most superficial
tendon crosses over and attaches medially
what are the 3 arches of the foot?
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch
medial longitudinal arch?
made up of medial cuneiform and intermediate
5th metatarsal and calcaneusplantar aponeurosis important
dynamic support comes from muscles and tendons
lateral longitudinal arch?
cuboid and lateral cuneiform
plantar aponeurosis important
dynamic support comes from muscles and tendons
transverse arch?
tendon of tibialis posterior attaches inferiorly
fibulas longus on lateral side
what gives the dynamic support to the foot arch?
tibialis posterior
tibialis anterior
flexor hallicus longus
fibulas longus
intrinsic plantar muscles
what gives the passive support to the foot arch?
plantar aponeurosis
what is the spring ligament
plantar calcineal ligament
pivotal in maintaining medial arch
damage can cause flat footedness
what are the 2 main superficial veins?
lesser saphenous vein
greater saphenous vein
where does lesser saphenous vein drain to?
drains into the popliteal vein
where does greater saphenous vein drainage to?
drains into the femoral vein
what does the popliteal artery change to?
splits into
posterior tibial artery
anterior tibial
what does the anterior tibial change into as it reaches the foot?
dorsalis pedis - superficial
what does the posterior tibial artery split into?
plantar medial (bigger) and lateral
what are the anastomoses around the knee?
5 branches come off
where is the great saphenous vein?
medial
starts in foot
travels all the way up
what is the artery in the foot that rounds along the tarsals?
accurate artery
where is the small saphenous vein?
posterior and laterally
only travels to popliteal
what are the 3 main nerves for there free portion of the limb?
-femoral (anterior and thigh)
-sciatic (back of the thigh +leg+foot)
-obturator (medial group at the thigh, i.e adductors)
what supplies the nerve supply for the lower limb?
lumbar and sacral plexus
what does the common fibular nerve split into?
deep fibular
superficial fibular
what does the femoral nerve innervate?
anterior compartment
extensors of knee
rectus femoris
what does the tibial nerve split into?
medial plantar
lateral plantar
what does the obturator nerve innervate?
adductors of the thigh, medial compartment of leg
what does the sciatic nerve innervate?
posterior compartment +leg +foot
what is the nerve supply of the leg?
tibial nerve posterior compartment of the leg
superficial fibular nerve - lateral compartment of the leg
deep fibular nerve - anterior compartment of the leg
what is the nerve supply of the leg?
tibial portion- hamstring muscles
fibular portion - short head of biceps
