Anatomy 1.5 Flashcards
what foramen does the ophthalmic artery & optic nerve go through?
optic canal
what foramen does the superior & inferior ophthalmic vein, and CN III, IV, frontal & nasociliary of V1 & VI go through?
superior orbital fissure
what foramen does the inferior ophthalmic veins, infraorbital artery & vein and zygomatic n & infraorbital br of maxillary n V2, and orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion go through?
inferior orbital fissure
in sphenoid & maxilla bones
what foramen does the maxillary nerve CN V2 go through?
foramen rotundum
what foramen does the accessory meningeal artery & mandibular nerve (CN V3) go through?
foramen ovale
what foramen do the posterior meningeal a, ascending pharyngeal a, inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein, and CNs IX, X, XI go through?
jugular foramen
Muscles posterior to the kidneys
quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, psoas major, transversus abdominis
Organs in relation to right kidney:
anterior?
superior?
- hepatic flexure of colon
- liver, adrenal gland
Organs in relation to left kidney:
anterior?
superior?
- stomach, pancreatic tail
- spleen, adrenal gland
Organs in direct contact with right kidney?
- R suprarenal gland, duodenum, colon
Organs in direct contact with left kidney?
- L suprarenal gland, pancreas, colon
4 structures of the renal sinus
renal artery bracnhes
renal vein tributaries
major & minor calyces
fat
A->P renal hilum structures
Vein
Artery
Ureter
What is epidermis made of?
Stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina
5 layers of epidermis from top to bottom?
- stratum Corneum
- stratum Lucidum
- stratum Granulosum
- stratum Spinosum (thickest)
- stratum Germinativum
come lets get some gin
Flat, dead, scale-like cells filled with keratin, that continually sheds - which layer of epidermis?
stratum corneum (1st layer)
Clear layer - present in thick skin only - which layer of epidermis?
stratum lucidum (2nd)
cells form links with neighbours: which layer of epidermis?
stratum granulosum (3rd)
Squamous cells begin keratin synthesis: which layer of epidermis?
stratum spinosum (4th layer & thickest)
single basement membrane layer of Columnar epithelial cells containing melanocytes
- and gives rise to keratinocytes: which layer of epidermis?
Stratum Germinativum (5th)
What happens in brown-sequard syndrome? i.e. hemisection of spinal cord
IL loss of proprioception & UMN signs
CL loss pain & temp
5 ways the spinal cord can be injured? viint
- Vascular - stroke (rare), aortic dissection complication
- Infection - historically TB, epidural abscesses etc
- Inflammatory - RA, OA (osteophyte compression) etc
- Neoplasia - direct invasion (rare), path vert #
- Trauma - direct/disc protrusion
Where does the spinal cord start & end?
What anchors the cord?
medulla oblongata -> tapers at level of L1/2 interspace in adult
Filum terminale anchors cord to the 1st coccygeal vertebra
What incompletely divides the spinal cord into 2 symmetrical halves?
Dorsal median sulcus & Ventral median fissure
Grey matter surrounds the central canal of the SC and is continuous rostrally with the CNS ventricular system
What is it subdivided cytoarchitecturally into?
Rexeds laminae
Afferent fibres entering through the dorsal roots of the spinal cord usually terminate near their point of entry. But they may travel for varying distances in what tract?
Lissauers tract = posterolateral tract
- in this way may establish synaptic connections over several levels
What is at the tip of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
What does the ventral horn contain?
- Afferents at tip of dorsal horn ass with nociceptive stimuli
- Ventral horn contains neurones that innervate skeletal muscle
Sciatic nerve splits into which nerves?
Where does injury often occur?
tibial & common peroneal
neck of the fibula
Features of a common peroneal nerve lesion?
- weakness of foot dorsiflexion - foot drop
- weakness of foot eversion
- weakness of extensor hallucis longus
- sensory loss over dorsum of foot & lower lateral part of leg
- wasting of anterior tibial & peroneal muscles
