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Week 2 - Inflammation and Infection > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of joint is the elbow?

A

hinge synovial joint

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2
Q

what are the 3 joints that share the synovial cavity in the elbow?

A

-humeroulnar
-humeroradial
-proximal radio ulnar

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3
Q

what movements does the elbow joint allow?

A

-flexion/extension
-movement of hand through supination and pronation of the forearm

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4
Q

where does the elbow mainly get its stability from?

A

bony articulations of the trochlea (humerus) and olecranon (ulna)

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5
Q

what does the humerus articulate with more laterally?

A

radius and is rounded at the capitulum

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6
Q

what does the radius articulate with more medially?

A

ulna at the trochlea

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7
Q

what are the medial and lateral epicondyles?

A

proximal to the capitulum and trochlea; sites of muscle attachment

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8
Q

which bone sits more medially?

A

the ulna

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9
Q

which bone sits more laterally?

A

radius

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10
Q

which bone is longer?

A

ulna

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11
Q

what is on the proximal end of the ulna?

A

-trochlea notch
-2 processes
-olecranon (largest one and is posterior and is the elbow prominence)
coronoid process (anterior)

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12
Q

what is at the distal end of the ulna?

A

head - anterior - articulates with radius
styloid process - post/med - wrist alignment

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13
Q

where does the radius sit?

A

on the side with the thumb

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14
Q

what is at the proximal end of the radius?

A

head - articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
radial tuberosity medially - biceps attaches

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15
Q

what is at the distal end of the radius?

A

-it is broader
-articulates with ulna and prox carpal bones
-styloid process laterally, wrist ligaments attach
-ulnar notch medially

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16
Q

what makes up the humeroulnar joint?

A

trochlea of humerus
trochlea notch of ulna

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17
Q

what are some characteristics of the humeroulnar joint?

A

-reinforced by ulnar collateral ligament
-flexion/extension
-ulnar processes limit range of motion
-no pronation/supination

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18
Q

what makes up the humeroradial joint?

A

capitulum humerus
radius head

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19
Q

what characterises the humeroradial joint?

A

-lateral
-reinforced radial collateral ligament
-supination/pronation

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20
Q

what are the biceps brachii?

A

2 heads attaching to scapula

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21
Q

what is the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

tubercle superiorly to glenoid cavity (runs up to humerus head and emerges through inter tub grove)

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22
Q

what is the short head of the biceps brachii?

A

coracoid process of the scapula

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23
Q

where do both heads of biceps brachii insert into?

A

converge to form a single tendon which inserts into the radial tuberosity
-gives off bicipital aponeurosis (a flat sheet of CT) attaches biceps indirectly to post border ulna

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24
Q

what are the actions of the biceps brachii?

A

-poweful flexor at shoulder and elbow
-supinator at radio ulnar joints when elbow is fixed
-short head: flexes shoulder
-long head : holds humerus against glenoid cavity, especially if arm abducted

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25
Q

what is the innovation of the biceps brachii?

A

musculotaneous nerve

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26
Q

where is the coracobrachialis?

A

attachments - coracoid process of scapula
insertions - medial humerus
action - flexes shoulder and is a weak adductor

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26
Q

what are the 2 smaller flexors of the arm?

A

-coracobrachialis
-brachialis

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27
Q

where is the brachialis?

A

attachments : deep; anterior distal humerus
insertions - coronoid process ulna
actions - flexes elbow

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28
Q

what is the innovation of the coracobrachialis and the brachialis?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

29
Q

what are the attachments of the triceps heads?

A

long head - infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
lateral head - sup posterior humerus
medial head - post humerus distal to groove for radial nerve
(long and lateral fuse & join on deep surface by medial. form common tendon of ulna and deep fascia)

30
Q

what are the actions of the triceps?

A

main extensor of the elbow
-long head also acts on shoulder to steady humerus

31
Q

what is the innervation of the triceps?

A

radial nerve

32
Q

what are the attachments of the anconeus?

A

-lateral epicondyl of humerus
-posterior olecranon of ulna

33
Q

what does the anconeus aid?

A

extends elbow & role in pronation

34
Q

what is the innervation of the anconeus?

A

radial nerve

35
Q

where does pronation/supination occur?

A

around axis from radius head to ulna styloid process
-radius rotates, proximal ulna stays in place

36
Q

which is more powerful, pronation or supination?

A

supination

37
Q

what is the actual range of movement for pronation/supination?

A

140-150 degrees
apparent range - elbow extended nearly 360 degrees
-rotation of humerus
-pectoral girdle movements

38
Q

what is supination?

A

-palm turned anteriorly
-movement reversed
-radius lateral to and parallel with ulna

39
Q

what is pronation?

A

-palm turned posteriorly
-proximal radius lateral to ulna
-distal radius medial to ulna

40
Q

what kind of joint is the superior radio ulnar joint?

A

pivot joint
-head of radius
-osseofibrous ring = radial notch of ulna and annular ligament

41
Q

what is the radial annular ligament?

A

strong fibres, encircles the head of the radius

42
Q

what kind of joint is the inferior radio ulnar joint?

A

pivot synovial joint
-head of ulna
-ulnar notch of radius

43
Q

what holds together the inferior radio ulnar joint?

A

-articular disc
-interosseous membrane

44
Q

what is the interosseous membrane?

A

broad thin fibrous tissue that separates bones

45
Q

what happens in the interosseous membrane during pronation and supination?

A

fibres change from relaxed to tense in the neutral position
-relax again as forearm supinates

46
Q

what is the radio-ulnar syndemosis?

A

fibrous joint between R & U
site of attachment for muscles of forearm

47
Q

who is prone to dislocation of the head of the radius?

A

pre school children if jerked by UL while forearm is pronated
-tears distal attachment of annular ligament
-radial head moves distally out

48
Q

what is the treatment for a dislocation of the radial head?

A

manipulate forearm into supination whilst elbow is flexed- radial head back in place

49
Q

which muscles are involved in supination?

A

-biceps brachii (attachment to radial tuberosity)
-supinator
deep - supinator crest of ulna
superficial - lateral epicondylitis of humerus
insertion - lateral proximal radius

50
Q

what is the pronator teres?

A

superficial: med epicondyle humerus
deep : medial of coronoid process ulna
median : nerve passes between 2 heads
-insertion crosses the forearm and attaches to the middle shaft of the radius

51
Q

which muscles cause pronation?

A

pronator teres
pronator quadratus

52
Q

what is the pronator quadratus?

A

deep muscle across distal 1/4 of R & U
origin : distal shaft of ulna
Insertion : distal shaft of radius

53
Q

what is the triangular depression of the cubital fossa bound by?

A

brachioradialis laterally
pronator teres medially

54
Q

what is the cubital fossa?

A

transition between arm and forearm
-concavity under crease, anterior to elbow joint

55
Q

what is tennis elbow?

A

lateral epicondylitis
degenerative tendonitis of the extensor origin

56
Q

what is the difference between tennis elbow and golfers elbow?

A

Tennis elbow: overuse or overload of the common extensor tendon at the lateral epicondyle
Golfers elbow: overuse or overload of the medial common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle

57
Q

Describe the cellular and molecular composition of a tendon and explain why tendons are slow to repair after injury?

A

Cellular component: Fibroblasts/tenocytes
Molecular component: water, collagen 1, ground substance, elastin
Poorly vascularised therefore healing rate much slower

58
Q

what action does the pectorals major have on the Glenn-humeral joint?

A

flexion, adduction and medial rotation

59
Q

what muscles contribute to the anterior border of the axilla?

A

pectoralis muscles

60
Q

which vessel do the cords of the brachial plexus surround?

A

axillary artery

61
Q

what are the terminal branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

radial and axillary nerve

62
Q

from which part of the brachial plexus does the nerve supply to the lat dorsi arise?

A

posterior cord (thoracodorsal nerve)

63
Q

which muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve normally pierce?

A

coracobrachialis

64
Q

what is the scapular attachment of the pectoral minor?

A

coracoid process

65
Q

which nerve supplies the Serratus anterior?

A

long thoracic nerve?

66
Q

why would the long thoracic nerve be rarely affected by a brachial plexus lesion?

A

arises very proximal; therefore, it is quite unlikely that it will be affected by lesions of the plexus

67
Q

damage to which nerve would case the claw hand deformity?

A

ulnar nerve

68
Q

what nerve would a medial epicondyle fracture risk damage to?

A

ulnar nerve

69
Q

which nerve would cause wrist drop?

A

radial nerve

Week 2 - Inflammation and Infection (5 decks)

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